PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

match

(PHP 8)

match 表达式基于值的一致性进行分支计算。 match表达式和 switch 语句类似，都有一个表达式主体，可以和多个可选项进行比较。与 switch 不同点是，它会像三元表达式一样求值。与 switch 另一个不同点，它的比较是严格比较（ ===）而不是松散比较（==）。 Match 表达式从 PHP 8.0.0 起可用。

示例 #1 match 表达式结构

<?php
$return_value = match (subject_expression) {
    single_conditional_expression => return_expression,
    conditional_expression1, conditional_expression2 => return_expression,
};
?>

示例 #2 match 的基础用法

<?php
$food = 'cake';

$return_value = match ($food) {
    'apple' => 'This food is an apple',
    'bar' => 'This food is a bar',
    'cake' => 'This food is a cake',
};

var_dump($return_value);
?>

以上示例会输出：

string(19) "This food is a cake"

示例 #3 使用 match 和比较运算符的示例

<?php
$age = 18;

$output = match (true) {
    $age < 2 => "Baby",
    $age < 13 => "Child",
    $age <= 19 => "Teenager",
    $age > 19 => "Young adult",
    $age >= 40 => "Old adult"
};

var_dump($output);
?>

以上示例会输出：

string(8) "Teenager"

注意: 不一定要使用 match 表达式的结果。

注意: match 表达式必须使用分号 ; 结尾。

match 表达式跟 switch 语句相似，但是有以下关键区别：

match 比较分支值，使用了严格比较 (===)，而 switch 语句使用了松散比较。
match 表达式会返回一个值。
match 的分支不会像 switch 语句一样，落空时执行下个 case。
match 表达式必须彻底列举所有情况。

match 表达式和 switch 语句类似，逐个检测匹配分支。一开始不会执行代码。只有在所有之前的条件不匹配主体表达式时，才会执行剩下的条件表达式。只会执行返回的表达式所对应的匹配条件表达式。举例：

<?php
$result = match ($x) {
    foo() => ...,
    $this->bar() => ..., // 如果 foo() === $x，不会执行 $this->bar()
    $this->baz => beep(), // 只有 $x === $this->baz 时才会执行 beep() 
    // 等等
};
?>

match 表达式分支可以通过逗号分隔，包含多个表达式。这是一个逻辑 OR，当多个分支表达式右侧相同时，就可以用这种缩写。

<?php
$result = match ($x) {
    // 匹配分支：
    $a, $b, $c => 5,
    // 等同于以下三个分支：
    $a => 5,
    $b => 5,
    $c => 5,
};
?>

default 模式是个特殊的条件。当之前的条件都不匹配时，会匹配到该模式。 For example:

<?php
$expressionResult = match ($condition) {
    1, 2 => foo(),
    3, 4 => bar(),
    default => baz(),
};
?>

注意: 多个 default 模式将会触发 E_FATAL_ERROR 错误。

match 表达式必须详尽列出所有情况。如果主体表达式不能被任意分支条件处理，会抛出 UnhandledMatchError。

示例 #4 match 表达式存在未处理的示例

<?php
$condition = 5;

try {
    match ($condition) {
        1, 2 => foo(),
        3, 4 => bar(),
    };
} catch (\UnhandledMatchError $e) {
    var_dump($e);
}
?>

以上示例会输出：

object(UnhandledMatchError)#1 (7) {
  ["message":protected]=>
  string(33) "Unhandled match value of type int"
  ["string":"Error":private]=>
  string(0) ""
  ["code":protected]=>
  int(0)
  ["file":protected]=>
  string(9) "/in/ICgGK"
  ["line":protected]=>
  int(6)
  ["trace":"Error":private]=>
  array(0) {
  }
  ["previous":"Error":private]=>
  NULL
}

使用 match 表达式处理非一致性检查

可以使用 match 表达式将 true 作为主项表达式来处理非一致性条件的情况。

示例 #5 针对整数范围，使用宽泛的表达式匹配分支

<?php

$age = 23;

$result = match (true) {
    $age >= 65 => 'senior',
    $age >= 25 => 'adult',
    $age >= 18 => 'young adult',
    default => 'kid',
};

var_dump($result);
?>

以上示例会输出：

string(11) "young adult"

示例 #6 针对字符串内容，使用宽泛的表达式匹配分支

<?php

$text = 'Bienvenue chez nous';

$result = match (true) {
    str_contains($text, 'Welcome') || str_contains($text, 'Hello') => 'en',
    str_contains($text, 'Bienvenue') || str_contains($text, 'Bonjour') => 'fr',
    // ...
};

var_dump($result);
?>

以上示例会输出：

string(2) "fr"

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用户贡献的备注 10 notes

down

darius dot restivan at gmail dot com ¶

3 years ago

This will allow for a nicer FizzBuzz solution:

<?php

function fizzbuzz($num) {
    print match (0) {
        $num % 15 => "FizzBuzz" . PHP_EOL,
        $num % 3  => "Fizz" . PHP_EOL,
        $num % 5  => "Buzz" . PHP_EOL,
        default   => $num . PHP_EOL,
    };
}

for ($i = 0; $i <=100; $i++)
{
    fizzbuzz($i);
}

down

Anonymous ¶

3 years ago

<?php

function days_in_month(string $month, $year): int

{

    return match(strtolower(substr($month, 0, 3))) {

        'jan' => 31,

        'feb' => is_leap($year) ? 29 : 28,

        'mar' => 31,

        'apr' => 30,

        'may' => 31,

        'jun' => 30,

        'jul' => 31,

        'aug' => 31,

        'sep' => 30,

        'oct' => 31,

        'nov' => 30,

        'dec' => 31,

        default => throw new InvalidArgumentException("Bogus month"),

    };

}

?>



can be more concisely written as



<?php

function days_in_month(string $month, $year): int

{

    return match(strtolower(substr($month, 0, 3))) {

        'apr', 'jun', 'sep',  'nov'  => 30,        

        'jan', 'mar', 'may', 'jul', 'aug',  'oct', 'dec'  => 31,

        'feb' => is_leap($year) ? 29 : 28,

        default => throw new InvalidArgumentException("Bogus month"),

    };

}

?>

down

Hayley Watson ¶

3 years ago

As well as being similar to a switch, match expressions can be thought of as enhanced lookup tables — for when a simple array lookup isn't enough without extra handling of edge cases, but a full switch statement would be overweight.



For a familiar example, the following

<?php



function days_in_month(string $month): int

{

    static $lookup = [

    'jan' => 31,

    'feb' => 0,

    'mar' => 31,

    'apr' => 30,

    'may' => 31,

    'jun' => 30,

    'jul' => 31,

    'aug' => 31,

    'sep' => 30,

    'oct' => 31,

    'nov' => 30,

    'dec' => 31

    ];



    $name = strtolower(substr($name, 0, 3));



    if(isset($lookup[$name])) {

        if($name == 'feb') {

            return is_leap($year) ? 29 : 28;

        } else {

            return $lookup[$name];

        }

    }

    throw new InvalidArgumentException("Bogus month");

}



?>



with the fiddly stuff at the end, can be replaced by



<?php

function days_in_month(string $month): int

{

    return match(strtolower(substr($month, 0, 3))) {

        'jan' => 31,

        'feb' => is_leap($year) ? 29 : 28,

        'mar' => 31,

        'apr' => 30,

        'may' => 31,

        'jun' => 30,

        'jul' => 31,

        'aug' => 31,

        'sep' => 30,

        'oct' => 31,

        'nov' => 30,

        'dec' => 31,

        default => throw new InvalidArgumentException("Bogus month"),

    };

}

?>



Which also takes advantage of "throw" being handled as of PHP 8.0 as an expression instead of a statement.

down

thomas at zuschneid dot de ¶

1 year ago

While match allows chaining multiple conditions with ",", like:
<?php
$result = match ($source) {
    cond1, cond2 => val1,
    default => val2
};
?>
it seems not valid to chain conditions with default, like:
<?php
$result = match ($source) {
    cond1 => val1,
    cond2, default => val2
};
?>

down

Sbastien ¶

1 year ago

I use match instead of storing PDOStatement::rowCount() result and chaining if/elseif conditions or use the ugly switch/break :

<?php

$sql = <<<SQL
    INSERT INTO ...
    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE ...
    SQL;

$upkeep = $pdo->prepare($sql);

$count_untouched = 0;
$count_inserted = 0;
$count_updated = 0;

foreach ($data as $record) {
    $upkeep->execute($record);
    match ($upkeep->rowCount()) {
        0 => $count_untouched++,
        1 => $count_inserted++,
        2 => $count_updated++,
    };
}

echo "Untouched rows : {$count_untouched}\r\n";
echo "Inserted rows : {$count_inserted}\r\n";
echo "Updated rows : {$count_updated}\r\n";

down

tolga dot ulas at tolgaulas dot com ¶

7 months ago

Yes it currently does not support code blocks but this hack works:

match ($foo){
    'bar'=>(function(){
        echo "bar";
    })(),
    default => (function(){
        echo "baz";
    })()
};

down

php at joren dot dev ¶

2 years ago

If you want to execute multiple return expressions when matching a conditional expression, you can do so by stating all return expressions inside an array.

<?php
    $countries = ['Belgium', 'Netherlands'];
    $spoken_languages = [
        'Dutch' => false,
        'French' => false,
        'German' => false,
        'English' => false,
    ];

    foreach ($countries as $country) {
        match($country) {
            'Belgium' => [
                $spoken_languages['Dutch'] = true,
                $spoken_languages['French'] = true,
                $spoken_languages['German'] = true,
            ],
            'Netherlands' => $spoken_languages['Dutch'] = true,
            'Germany' => $spoken_languages['German'] = true,
            'United Kingdom' => $spoken_languages['English'] = true,
        };
    }

    var_export($spoken_languages); 
    // array ( 'Dutch' => true, 'French' => true, 'German' => true, 'English' => false, )

?>

down

mark at manngo dot net ¶

2 years ago

While you can’t polyfill a language construct, you can mimic the basic behaviour with a simple array.

Using example 2 above:

<?php
    $food = 'apple';
    $return_value = match ($food) {
        'apple' => 'This food is an apple',
        'bar' => 'This food is a bar',
        'cake' => 'This food is a cake',
    };    
    print $return_value;
?>

… you can get something similar with:

<?php
    $food = 'apple';    
    $return_value = [
        'apple' => 'This food is an apple',
        'bar' => 'This food is a bar',
        'cake' => 'This food is a cake',
    ][$food];
    print $return_value;
?>

down

6mollen at gmail dot com ¶

1 month ago

Example 3, contains an error

In this example, when the age is 48, the out will still be "Young adult" and not "Old adult" the function returns the value at the first valid match.

<?php
$age = 48;

$output = match (true) {
    $age < 2 => "Baby",
    $age < 13 => "Child",
    $age <= 19 => "Teenager",
    $age > 19 => "Young adult",
    $age >= 40 => "Old adult"
};

var_dump($output);
?>

It should be 

<?php
$age = 48;

$output = match (true) {
    $age < 2 => "Baby",
    $age < 13 => "Child",
    $age <= 19 => "Teenager",
    $age >= 40 => "Old adult",
    $age > 19 => "Young adult",
};

var_dump($output);
?>

to get the right outpur.

down

tm ¶

3 years ago

If you are using a match expression for non-identity checks as described above make sure whatever you are using is actually returning `true` on success.

Quite often you rely on truthy vs. falsy when using if conditions and that will not work for match (for example `preg_match`). Casting to bool will solve this issue.