(PHP 4 >= 4.0.2, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)
curl_setopt — Set an option for a cURL transfer
Sets an option on the given cURL session handle.
chcURL-дескриптор, якого повертає curl_init().
option
The CURLOPT_XXX option to set.
value
The value to be set on option.
value should be a bool for the
following values of the option parameter:
| Option | Set value to |
Notes |
|---|---|---|
CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER |
true to automatically set the Referer: field in
requests where it follows a Location: redirect.
|
|
CURLOPT_COOKIESESSION |
true to mark this as a new cookie "session". It will force libcurl
to ignore all cookies it is about to load that are "session cookies"
from the previous session. By default, libcurl always stores and
loads all cookies, independent if they are session cookies or not.
Session cookies are cookies without expiry date and they are meant
to be alive and existing for this "session" only.
|
|
CURLOPT_CERTINFO |
true to output SSL certification information to STDERR
on secure transfers.
|
Added in cURL 7.19.1.
Requires CURLOPT_VERBOSE to be on to have an effect.
|
CURLOPT_CONNECT_ONLY |
true tells the library to perform all the required proxy authentication
and connection setup, but no data transfer. This option is implemented for
HTTP, SMTP and POP3.
|
Added in 7.15.2. |
CURLOPT_CRLF |
true to convert Unix newlines to CRLF newlines
on transfers.
|
|
CURLOPT_DISALLOW_USERNAME_IN_URL |
true to not allow URLs that include a username. Usernames are allowed by default (0).
|
Added in cURL 7.61.0. Available since PHP 7.3.0. |
CURLOPT_DNS_SHUFFLE_ADDRESSES |
true to shuffle the order of all returned addresses so that they will be used
in a random order, when a name is resolved and more than one IP address is returned.
This may cause IPv4 to be used before IPv6 or vice versa.
|
Added in cURL 7.60.0. Available since PHP 7.3.0. |
CURLOPT_HAPROXYPROTOCOL |
true to send an HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the start of the connection.
The default action is not to send this header.
|
Added in cURL 7.60.0. Available since PHP 7.3.0. |
CURLOPT_SSH_COMPRESSION |
true to enable built-in SSH compression. This is a request, not an order;
the server may or may not do it.
|
Added in cURL 7.56.0. Available since PHP 7.3.0. |
CURLOPT_DNS_USE_GLOBAL_CACHE |
true to use a global DNS cache. This option is not thread-safe.
It is conditionally enabled by default if PHP is built for non-threaded use
(CLI, FCGI, Apache2-Prefork, etc.).
|
|
CURLOPT_FAILONERROR |
true to fail verbosely if the HTTP code returned
is greater than or equal to 400. The default behavior is to return
the page normally, ignoring the code.
|
|
CURLOPT_SSL_FALSESTART |
true to enable TLS false start.
|
Added in cURL 7.42.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_FILETIME |
true to attempt to retrieve the modification
date of the remote document. This value can be retrieved using
the CURLINFO_FILETIME option with
curl_getinfo().
|
|
CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION |
true to follow any
"Location: " header that the server sends as
part of the HTTP header.
See also CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS.
|
|
CURLOPT_FORBID_REUSE |
true to force the connection to explicitly
close when it has finished processing, and not be pooled for reuse.
|
|
CURLOPT_FRESH_CONNECT |
true to force the use of a new connection
instead of a cached one.
|
|
CURLOPT_FTP_USE_EPRT |
true to use EPRT (and LPRT) when doing active
FTP downloads. Use false to disable EPRT and LPRT and use PORT
only.
|
|
CURLOPT_FTP_USE_EPSV |
true to first try an EPSV command for FTP
transfers before reverting back to PASV. Set to false
to disable EPSV.
|
|
CURLOPT_FTP_CREATE_MISSING_DIRS |
true to create missing directories when an FTP operation
encounters a path that currently doesn't exist.
|
|
CURLOPT_FTPAPPEND |
true to append to the remote file instead of
overwriting it.
|
|
CURLOPT_TCP_NODELAY |
true to disable TCP's Nagle algorithm, which tries to minimize
the number of small packets on the network.
|
Available for versions compiled with libcurl 7.11.2 or greater. |
CURLOPT_FTPASCII |
An alias of
CURLOPT_TRANSFERTEXT. Use that instead.
|
|
CURLOPT_FTPLISTONLY |
true to only list the names of an FTP
directory.
|
|
CURLOPT_HEADER |
true to include the header in the output.
|
|
CURLINFO_HEADER_OUT |
true to track the handle's request string.
|
The CURLINFO_
prefix is intentional.
|
CURLOPT_HTTP09_ALLOWED |
Whether to allow HTTP/0.9 responses. Defaults to false as of libcurl 7.66.0;
formerly it defaulted to true.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.15 and 7.4.3, respectively, if built against libcurl >= 7.64.0 |
CURLOPT_HTTPGET |
true to reset the HTTP request method to GET.
Since GET is the default, this is only necessary if the request
method has been changed.
|
|
CURLOPT_HTTPPROXYTUNNEL |
true to tunnel through a given HTTP proxy.
|
|
CURLOPT_HTTP_CONTENT_DECODING |
false to get the raw HTTP response body.
|
Available if built against libcurl >= 7.16.2. |
CURLOPT_KEEP_SENDING_ON_ERROR |
true to keep sending the request body if the HTTP code returned is
equal to or larger than 300. The default action would be to stop sending
and close the stream or connection. Suitable for manual NTLM authentication.
Most applications do not need this option.
|
Available as of PHP 7.3.0 if built against libcurl >= 7.51.0. |
CURLOPT_MUTE |
true to be completely silent with regards to
the cURL functions.
|
Removed in cURL 7.15.5 (You can use CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER instead) |
CURLOPT_NETRC |
true to scan the ~/.netrc
file to find a username and password for the remote site that
a connection is being established with.
|
|
CURLOPT_NOBODY |
true to exclude the body from the output.
Request method is then set to HEAD. Changing this to false does
not change it to GET.
|
|
CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS |
|
|
CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL |
true to ignore any cURL function that causes a
signal to be sent to the PHP process. This is turned on by default
in multi-threaded SAPIs so timeout options can still be used.
|
Added in cURL 7.10. |
CURLOPT_PATH_AS_IS |
true to not handle dot dot sequences.
|
Added in cURL 7.42.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_PIPEWAIT |
true to wait for pipelining/multiplexing.
|
Added in cURL 7.43.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_POST |
true to do a regular HTTP POST. This POST is the
normal application/x-www-form-urlencoded kind,
most commonly used by HTML forms.
|
|
CURLOPT_PUT |
true to HTTP PUT a file. The file to PUT must
be set with CURLOPT_INFILE and
CURLOPT_INFILESIZE.
|
|
CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER |
true to return the transfer as a string of the
return value of curl_exec() instead of outputting
it directly.
|
|
CURLOPT_SASL_IR |
true to enable sending the initial response in the first packet.
|
Added in cURL 7.31.10. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_SSL_ENABLE_ALPN |
false to disable ALPN in the SSL handshake (if the SSL backend
libcurl is built to use supports it), which can be used to
negotiate http2.
|
Added in cURL 7.36.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_SSL_ENABLE_NPN |
false to disable NPN in the SSL handshake (if the SSL backend
libcurl is built to use supports it), which can be used to
negotiate http2.
|
Added in cURL 7.36.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER |
false to stop cURL from verifying the peer's
certificate. Alternate certificates to verify against can be
specified with the CURLOPT_CAINFO option
or a certificate directory can be specified with the
CURLOPT_CAPATH option.
|
true by default as of cURL 7.10. Default bundle installed as of
cURL 7.10.
|
CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYSTATUS |
true to verify the certificate's status.
|
Added in cURL 7.41.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSL_VERIFYPEER |
false to stop cURL from verifying the peer's certificate.
Alternate certificates to verify against can be
specified with the CURLOPT_CAINFO option
or a certificate directory can be specified with the
CURLOPT_CAPATH option.
When set to false, the peer certificate verification succeeds regardless.
|
true by default. Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0.
|
CURLOPT_SAFE_UPLOAD |
Always true, what disables support for the @ prefix for
uploading files in CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, which
means that values starting with @ can be safely
passed as fields. CURLFile may be used for
uploads instead.
|
|
CURLOPT_SUPPRESS_CONNECT_HEADERS |
true to suppress proxy CONNECT response headers from the user callback functions
CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION and CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION,
when CURLOPT_HTTPPROXYTUNNEL is used and a CONNECT request is made.
|
Added in cURL 7.54.0. Available since PHP 7.3.0. |
CURLOPT_TCP_FASTOPEN |
true to enable TCP Fast Open.
|
Added in cURL 7.49.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_TFTP_NO_OPTIONS |
true to not send TFTP options requests.
|
Added in cURL 7.48.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_TRANSFERTEXT |
true to use ASCII mode for FTP transfers.
For LDAP, it retrieves data in plain text instead of HTML. On
Windows systems, it will not set STDOUT to binary
mode.
|
|
CURLOPT_UNRESTRICTED_AUTH |
true to keep sending the username and password
when following locations (using
CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION), even when the
hostname has changed.
|
|
CURLOPT_UPLOAD |
true to prepare for an upload.
|
|
CURLOPT_VERBOSE |
true to output verbose information. Writes
output to STDERR, or the file specified using
CURLOPT_STDERR.
|
value should be an int for the
following values of the option parameter:
| Option | Set value to |
Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
CURLOPT_BUFFERSIZE |
The size of the buffer to use for each read. There is no guarantee this request will be fulfilled, however. | Added in cURL 7.10. | |
CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT |
The number of seconds to wait while trying to connect. Use 0 to wait indefinitely. | ||
CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT_MS |
The number of milliseconds to wait while trying to connect. Use 0 to wait indefinitely. If libcurl is built to use the standard system name resolver, that portion of the connect will still use full-second resolution for timeouts with a minimum timeout allowed of one second. | Added in cURL 7.16.2. | |
CURLOPT_DNS_CACHE_TIMEOUT |
The number of seconds to keep DNS entries in memory. This option is set to 120 (2 minutes) by default. | ||
CURLOPT_EXPECT_100_TIMEOUT_MS |
The timeout for Expect: 100-continue responses in milliseconds.
Defaults to 1000 milliseconds.
|
Added in cURL 7.36.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. | |
CURLOPT_HAPPY_EYEBALLS_TIMEOUT_MS |
Head start for ipv6 for the happy eyeballs algorithm. Happy eyeballs attempts to connect to both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for dual-stack hosts, preferring IPv6 first for timeout milliseconds. Defaults to CURL_HET_DEFAULT, which is currently 200 milliseconds. | Added in cURL 7.59.0. Available since PHP 7.3.0. | |
CURLOPT_FTPSSLAUTH |
The FTP authentication method (when is activated):
CURLFTPAUTH_SSL (try SSL first),
CURLFTPAUTH_TLS (try TLS first), or
CURLFTPAUTH_DEFAULT (let cURL decide).
|
Added in cURL 7.12.2. | |
CURLOPT_HEADEROPT |
How to deal with headers. One of the following constants:
CURLHEADER_SEPARATE as of cURL
7.42.1, and CURLHEADER_UNIFIED before.
|
Added in cURL 7.37.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. | |
CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION |
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_NONE (default, lets CURL
decide which version to use),
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0 (forces HTTP/1.0),
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1 (forces HTTP/1.1),
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0 (attempts HTTP 2),
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2 (alias of CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0),
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2TLS (attempts HTTP 2 over TLS (HTTPS) only) or
CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_PRIOR_KNOWLEDGE (issues non-TLS HTTP requests using HTTP/2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade).
|
||
CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH |
The HTTP authentication method(s) to use. The options are:
The bitwise
|
||
CURLOPT_INFILESIZE |
The expected size, in bytes, of the file when uploading a file to
a remote site. Note that using this option will not stop libcurl
from sending more data, as exactly what is sent depends on
CURLOPT_READFUNCTION.
|
||
CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT |
The transfer speed, in bytes per second, that the transfer should be
below during the count of CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_TIME
seconds before PHP considers the transfer too slow and aborts.
|
||
CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_TIME |
The number of seconds the transfer speed should be below
CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT before PHP considers
the transfer too slow and aborts.
|
||
CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT_ALLLOWFAILS |
Allow RCPT TO command to fail for some recipients. | When sending data to multiple recipients, by default cURL will abort SMTP conversation if at least one of the recipients causes RCPT TO command to return an error. This option tells cURL to ignore errors and proceed with the remaining valid recipients. If all recipients trigger RCPT TO failures and this flag is set, cURL will abort the SMTP conversation and return the error received from the last RCPT TO command. | |
CURLOPT_MAXAGE_CONN |
The maximum idle time allowed for an existing connection to be considered for reuse.
Default maximum age is set to 118 seconds.
|
||
CURLOPT_MAXFILESIZE_LARGE |
The maximum file size in bytes allowed to download. If the file requested is found larger than this value,
the transfer will not start and CURLE_FILESIZE_EXCEEDED will be returned.
The file size is not always known prior to download, and for such files this option has no effect even if
the file transfer ends up being larger than this given limit.
|
||
CURLOPT_MAXLIFETIME_CONN |
The maximum time in seconds, since the creation of the connection, that is allowed for an existing connection to have for it to be considered for reuse. If a connection is found in the cache that is older than this value, it will instead be closed once any in-progress transfers are complete. Default is 0 seconds, meaning the option is disabled and all connections are eligible for reuse. | ||
CURLOPT_MAXCONNECTS |
The maximum amount of persistent connections that are allowed. When the limit is reached, the oldest one in the cache is closed to prevent increasing the number of open connections. | ||
CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS |
The maximum amount of HTTP redirections to follow. Use this option
alongside CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION.
Default value of 20 is set to prevent infinite redirects.
Setting to -1 allows inifinite redirects, and 0
refuses all redirects.
|
||
CURLOPT_PORT |
An alternative port number to connect to. | ||
CURLOPT_POSTREDIR |
A bitmask of 1 (301 Moved Permanently), 2 (302 Found)
and 4 (303 See Other) if the HTTP POST method should be maintained
when CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION is set and a
specific type of redirect occurs.
|
Added in cURL 7.19.1. | |
CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS |
Bitmask of
Valid protocol options are:
|
Added in cURL 7.19.4. | |
CURLOPT_PROXYAUTH |
The HTTP authentication method(s) to use for the proxy connection.
Use the same bitmasks as described in
CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH. For proxy authentication,
only CURLAUTH_BASIC and
CURLAUTH_NTLM are currently supported.
|
Added in cURL 7.10.7. | |
CURLOPT_PROXYPORT |
The port number of the proxy to connect to. This port number can
also be set in CURLOPT_PROXY.
|
||
CURLOPT_PROXYTYPE |
Either CURLPROXY_HTTP (default),
CURLPROXY_SOCKS4,
CURLPROXY_SOCKS5,
CURLPROXY_SOCKS4A or
CURLPROXY_SOCKS5_HOSTNAME.
|
Added in cURL 7.10. | |
CURLOPT_REDIR_PROTOCOLS |
Bitmask of CURLPROTO_* values. If used, this bitmask
limits what protocols libcurl may use in a transfer that it follows to in
a redirect when CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION is enabled.
This allows you to limit specific transfers to only be allowed to use a subset
of protocols in redirections. By default libcurl will allow all protocols
except for FILE and SCP. This is a difference compared to pre-7.19.4 versions
which unconditionally would follow to all protocols supported.
See also CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS for protocol constant values.
|
Added in cURL 7.19.4. | |
CURLOPT_RESUME_FROM |
The offset, in bytes, to resume a transfer from. | ||
CURLOPT_SOCKS5_AUTH |
The SOCKS5 authentication method(s) to use. The options are:
The bitwise
Defaults to |
Available as of 7.3.0 and curl >= 7.55.0. | |
CURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONS |
Set SSL behavior options, which is a bitmask of the following constants:
|
Added in cURL 7.25.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. | |
CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST |
2 to verify that a Common Name field or a Subject Alternate Name
field in the SSL peer certificate matches the provided hostname.
0 to not check the names.
1 should not be used.
In production environments the value of this option
should be kept at 2 (default value).
|
Support for value 1 removed in cURL 7.28.1.
|
|
CURLOPT_SSLVERSION |
One of
CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_*
constants.
It is also possible to bitwise OR one of the
Увага
It is better to not set this option and leave the defaults.
As setting this to
|
||
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSL_OPTIONS |
Set proxy SSL behavior options, which is a bitmask of the following constants:
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. | |
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSL_VERIFYHOST |
Set to 2 to verify in the HTTPS proxy's certificate name fields against the proxy name.
When set to 0 the connection succeeds regardless of the names used in the certificate.
Use that ability with caution!
1 treated as a debug option in curl 7.28.0 and earlier.
From curl 7.28.1 to 7.65.3 CURLE_BAD_FUNCTION_ARGUMENT is returned.
From curl 7.66.0 onwards 1 and 2 is treated as the same value.
In production environments the value of this option should be kept at 2 (default value).
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. | |
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSLVERSION |
One of
Увага
It is better to not set this option and leave the default
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. | |
CURLOPT_STREAM_WEIGHT |
Set the numerical stream weight (a number between 1 and 256). | Added in cURL 7.46.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. | |
CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPALIVE |
If set to 1, TCP keepalive probes will be sent. The delay and
frequency of these probes can be controlled by the CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPIDLE
and CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPINTVL options, provided the operating system
supports them. If set to 0 (default) keepalive probes are disabled.
|
Added in cURL 7.25.0. | |
CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPIDLE |
Sets the delay, in seconds, that the operating system will wait while the connection is
idle before sending keepalive probes, if CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPALIVE is
enabled. Not all operating systems support this option.
The default is 60.
|
Added in cURL 7.25.0. | |
CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPINTVL |
Sets the interval, in seconds, that the operating system will wait between sending
keepalive probes, if CURLOPT_TCP_KEEPALIVE is enabled.
Not all operating systems support this option.
The default is 60.
|
Added in cURL 7.25.0. | |
CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION |
How CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE is treated.
Use CURL_TIMECOND_IFMODSINCE to return the
page only if it has been modified since the time specified in
CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE. If it hasn't been modified,
a "304 Not Modified" header will be returned
assuming CURLOPT_HEADER is true.
Use CURL_TIMECOND_IFUNMODSINCE for the reverse
effect. Use CURL_TIMECOND_NONE to ignore
CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE and always return the page.
CURL_TIMECOND_NONE is the default.
|
Before cURL 7.46.0 the default was
CURL_TIMECOND_IFMODSINCE.
|
|
CURLOPT_TIMEOUT |
The maximum number of seconds to allow cURL functions to execute. | ||
CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS |
The maximum number of milliseconds to allow cURL functions to execute. If libcurl is built to use the standard system name resolver, that portion of the connect will still use full-second resolution for timeouts with a minimum timeout allowed of one second. | Added in cURL 7.16.2. | |
CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE |
The time in seconds since January 1st, 1970. The time will be used
by CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION.
|
||
CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE_LARGE |
The time in seconds since January 1st, 1970. The time will be used
by CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION. Defaults to zero.
The difference between this option and CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE
is the type of the argument. On systems where 'long' is only 32 bit wide,
this option has to be used to set dates beyond the year 2038.
|
Added in cURL 7.59.0. Available since PHP 7.3.0. | |
CURLOPT_UPKEEP_INTERVAL_MS |
Some protocols have "connection upkeep" mechanisms. These mechanisms usually send some traffic
on existing connections in order to keep them alive. This option defines the connection upkeep interval.
Currently, the only protocol with a connection upkeep mechanism is HTTP/2. When the connection upkeep
interval is exceeded, an HTTP/2 PING frame is sent on the connection.
Default is 60 seconds.
|
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CURLOPT_UPLOAD_BUFFERSIZE |
Preferred buffer size in bytes for the cURL upload buffer. The upload buffer size by default is 64 kilobytes. The maximum buffer size allowed to be set is 2 megabytes. The minimum buffer size allowed to be set is 16 kilobytes. | ||
CURLOPT_MAX_RECV_SPEED_LARGE |
If a download exceeds this speed (counted in bytes per second) on cumulative average during the transfer, the transfer will pause to keep the average rate less than or equal to the parameter value. Defaults to unlimited speed. | Added in cURL 7.15.5. | |
CURLOPT_MAX_SEND_SPEED_LARGE |
If an upload exceeds this speed (counted in bytes per second) on cumulative average during the transfer, the transfer will pause to keep the average rate less than or equal to the parameter value. Defaults to unlimited speed. | Added in cURL 7.15.5. | |
CURLOPT_SSH_AUTH_TYPES |
A bitmask consisting of one or more of
CURLSSH_AUTH_PUBLICKEY,
CURLSSH_AUTH_PASSWORD,
CURLSSH_AUTH_HOST,
CURLSSH_AUTH_KEYBOARD. Set to
CURLSSH_AUTH_ANY to let libcurl pick one.
|
Added in cURL 7.16.1. | |
CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE |
Allows an application to select what kind of IP addresses to use when
resolving host names. This is only interesting when using host names that
resolve addresses using more than one version of IP, possible values are
CURL_IPRESOLVE_WHATEVER,
CURL_IPRESOLVE_V4,
CURL_IPRESOLVE_V6, by default
CURL_IPRESOLVE_WHATEVER.
|
Added in cURL 7.10.8. | |
CURLOPT_FTP_FILEMETHOD |
Tell curl which method to use to reach a file on a FTP(S) server. Possible values are
CURLFTPMETHOD_DEFAULT,
CURLFTPMETHOD_MULTICWD,
CURLFTPMETHOD_NOCWD, and
CURLFTPMETHOD_SINGLECWD.
|
Added in cURL 7.15.1. |
value should be a string for the
following values of the option parameter:
| Option | Set value to |
Notes |
|---|---|---|
CURLOPT_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKET |
Enables the use of an abstract Unix domain socket instead of
establishing a TCP connection to a host and sets the path to
the given string. This option shares the same semantics
as CURLOPT_UNIX_SOCKET_PATH. These two options
share the same storage and therefore only one of them can be set
per handle.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and cURL 7.53.0 |
CURLOPT_ALTSVC |
Pass the filename for cURL to use as the Alt-Svc cache file to read existing cache contents from and
possibly also write it back to a after a transfer, unless CURLALTSVC_READONLYFILE
is set via CURLOPT_ALTSVC_CTRL.
|
|
CURLOPT_ALTSVC_CTRL |
Populate the bitmask with the correct set of features to instruct cURL how to handle Alt-Svc for the
transfers using this handle. cURL only accepts Alt-Svc headers over HTTPS. It will also only complete
a request to an alternative origin if that origin is properly hosted over HTTPS.
Setting any bit will enable the alt-svc engine. The options are:
CURLALTSVC_H1,
CURLALTSVC_H2,
CURLALTSVC_H3, and
CURLALTSVC_READONLYFILE.
|
|
CURLOPT_AWS_SIGV4 |
Provides AWS V4 signature authentication on HTTP(S) header.
This option overrides any other authentication types that have been set in
|
|
CURLOPT_CAINFO |
The name of a file holding one or more certificates to verify the
peer with. This only makes sense when used in combination with
CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER.
|
Might require an absolute path. |
CURLOPT_CAINFO_BLOB |
The name of a PEM file holding one or more certificates to verify the
peer with. This option overrides CURLOPT_CAINFO.
|
Available as of PHP 8.2.0 and cURL 7.77.0 |
CURLOPT_CAPATH |
A directory that holds multiple CA certificates. Use this option
alongside CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER.
|
|
CURLOPT_COOKIE |
The contents of the "Cookie: " header to be
used in the HTTP request.
Note that multiple cookies are separated with a semicolon followed
by a space (e.g., "fruit=apple; colour=red")
|
|
CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE |
The name of the file containing the cookie data. The cookie file can be in Netscape format, or just plain HTTP-style headers dumped into a file. If the name is an empty string, no cookies are loaded, but cookie handling is still enabled. | |
CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR |
The name of a file to save all internal cookies to when the
handle's destructor is called.
Увага
As of PHP 8.0.0, curl_close() is a no-op and does not destroy the handle. If cookies need to be written prior to the handle being automatically destroyed, call unset() on the handle. |
|
CURLOPT_COOKIELIST |
A cookie string (i.e. a single line in Netscape/Mozilla format, or a regular
HTTP-style Set-Cookie header) adds that single cookie to the internal cookie store.
"ALL" erases all cookies held in memory.
"SESS" erases all session cookies held in memory.
"FLUSH" writes all known cookies to the file specified by CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR.
"RELOAD" loads all cookies from the files specified by CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE.
|
Available since cURL 7.14.1. |
CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST |
A custom request method to use instead of
|
|
CURLOPT_DEFAULT_PROTOCOL |
The default protocol to use if the URL is missing a scheme name. |
Added in cURL 7.45.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_DNS_INTERFACE |
Set the name of the network interface that the DNS resolver should bind to. This must be an interface name (not an address). |
Added in cURL 7.33.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_DNS_LOCAL_IP4 |
Set the local IPv4 address that the resolver should bind to. The argument should contain a single numerical IPv4 address as a string. |
Added in cURL 7.33.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_DNS_LOCAL_IP6 |
Set the local IPv6 address that the resolver should bind to. The argument should contain a single numerical IPv6 address as a string. |
Added in cURL 7.33.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_EGDSOCKET |
Like CURLOPT_RANDOM_FILE, except a filename
to an Entropy Gathering Daemon socket.
|
|
CURLOPT_ENCODING |
The contents of the "Accept-Encoding: " header.
This enables decoding of the response. Supported encodings are
"identity", "deflate", and
"gzip". If an empty string, "",
is set, a header containing all supported encoding types is sent.
|
Added in cURL 7.10. |
CURLOPT_FTPPORT |
The value which will be used to get the IP address to use for the FTP "PORT" instruction. The "PORT" instruction tells the remote server to connect to our specified IP address. The string may be a plain IP address, a hostname, a network interface name (under Unix), or just a plain '-' to use the systems default IP address. | |
CURLOPT_HSTS |
HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) cache file name. |
|
CURLOPT_HSTS_CTRL |
Controls HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) behavior. Populate the bitmask with the correct set of
features to instruct cURL how to handle HSTS for the transfers using this handle.
|
|
CURLOPT_INTERFACE |
The name of the outgoing network interface to use. This can be an interface name, an IP address or a host name. | |
CURLOPT_KEYPASSWD |
The password required to use the CURLOPT_SSLKEY
or CURLOPT_SSH_PRIVATE_KEYFILE private key.
|
Added in cURL 7.16.1. |
CURLOPT_KRB4LEVEL |
The KRB4 (Kerberos 4) security level. Any of the following values
(in order from least to most powerful) are valid:
"clear",
"safe",
"confidential",
"private"..
If the string does not match one of these,
"private" is used. Setting this option to null
will disable KRB4 security. Currently KRB4 security only works
with FTP transactions.
|
|
CURLOPT_LOGIN_OPTIONS |
Can be used to set protocol specific login options, such as the
preferred authentication mechanism via "AUTH=NTLM" or "AUTH=*",
and should be used in conjunction with the
CURLOPT_USERNAME option.
|
Added in cURL 7.34.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_PINNEDPUBLICKEY |
Set the pinned public key. The string can be the file name of your pinned public key. The file format expected is "PEM" or "DER". The string can also be any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by "sha256//" and separated by ";". | Added in cURL 7.39.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS |
The full data to post in a HTTP "POST" operation.
This parameter can either be
passed as a urlencoded string like 'para1=val1¶2=val2&...'
or as an array with the field name as key and field data as value.
If value is an array, the
Content-Type header will be set to
multipart/form-data.
Files can be sent using CURLFile or CURLStringFile,
in which case value must be an array.
|
|
CURLOPT_PRIVATE |
Any data that should be associated with this cURL handle. This data
can subsequently be retrieved with the
CURLINFO_PRIVATE option of
curl_getinfo(). cURL does nothing with this data.
When using a cURL multi handle, this private data is typically a
unique key to identify a standard cURL handle.
|
Added in cURL 7.10.3. |
CURLOPT_PRE_PROXY |
Set a string holding the host name or dotted numerical
IP address to be used as the preproxy that curl connects to before
it connects to the HTTP(S) proxy specified in the
CURLOPT_PROXY option for the upcoming request.
The preproxy can only be a SOCKS proxy and it should be prefixed with
[scheme]:// to specify which kind of socks is used.
A numerical IPv6 address must be written within [brackets].
Setting the preproxy to an empty string explicitly disables the use of a preproxy.
To specify port number in this string, append :[port]
to the end of the host name. The proxy's port number may optionally be
specified with the separate option CURLOPT_PROXYPORT.
Defaults to using port 1080 for proxies if a port is not specified.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY |
The HTTP proxy to tunnel requests through. | |
CURLOPT_PROXY_SERVICE_NAME |
The proxy authentication service name. | Added in cURL 7.43.0 for HTTP proxies, and in cURL 7.49.0 for SOCKS5 proxies. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_CAINFO |
The path to proxy Certificate Authority (CA) bundle. Set the path as a string naming a file holding one or more certificates to verify the HTTPS proxy with. This option is for connecting to an HTTPS proxy, not an HTTPS server. Defaults set to the system path where libcurl's cacert bundle is assumed to be stored. | Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_CAINFO_BLOB |
The name of a PEM file holding one or more certificates to verify the HTTPS proxy with. This option is for connecting to an HTTPS proxy, not an HTTPS server. Defaults set to the system path where libcurl's cacert bundle is assumed to be stored. | Available as of PHP 8.2.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.77.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_CAPATH |
The directory holding multiple CA certificates to verify the HTTPS proxy with. | Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_CRLFILE |
Set the file name with the concatenation of CRL (Certificate Revocation List) in PEM format to use in the certificate validation that occurs during the SSL exchange. | Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_KEYPASSWD |
Set the string be used as the password required to use the
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSLKEY private key. You never needed a
passphrase to load a certificate but you need one to load your private key.
This option is for connecting to an HTTPS proxy, not an HTTPS server.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_PINNEDPUBLICKEY |
Set the pinned public key for HTTPS proxy. The string can be the file name of your pinned public key. The file format expected is "PEM" or "DER". The string can also be any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by "sha256//" and separated by ";" | Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSLCERT |
The file name of your client certificate used to connect to the HTTPS proxy.
The default format is "P12" on Secure Transport and "PEM" on other engines,
and can be changed with CURLOPT_PROXY_SSLCERTTYPE.
With NSS or Secure Transport, this can also be the nickname of the certificate
you wish to authenticate with as it is named in the security database.
If you want to use a file from the current directory, please precede it with
"./" prefix, in order to avoid confusion with a nickname.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSLCERTTYPE |
The format of your client certificate used when connecting to an HTTPS proxy. Supported formats are "PEM" and "DER", except with Secure Transport. OpenSSL (versions 0.9.3 and later) and Secure Transport (on iOS 5 or later, or OS X 10.7 or later) also support "P12" for PKCS#12-encoded files. Defaults to "PEM". | Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSL_CIPHER_LIST |
The list of ciphers to use for the connection to the HTTPS proxy. The list must be syntactically correct, it consists of one or more cipher strings separated by colons. Commas or spaces are also acceptable separators but colons are normally used, !, - and + can be used as operators. | Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_TLS13_CIPHERS |
The list of cipher suites to use for the TLS 1.3 connection to a proxy.
The list must be syntactically correct, it consists of one or more
cipher suite strings separated by colons. This option is currently used
only when curl is built to use OpenSSL 1.1.1 or later.
If you are using a different SSL backend you can try setting
TLS 1.3 cipher suites by using the CURLOPT_PROXY_SSL_CIPHER_LIST option.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.61.0. Available when built with OpenSSL >= 1.1.1. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSLKEY |
The file name of your private key used for connecting to the HTTPS proxy.
The default format is "PEM" and can be changed with
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSLKEYTYPE.
(iOS and Mac OS X only) This option is ignored if curl was built against Secure Transport.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. Available if built TLS enabled. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_SSLKEYTYPE |
The format of your private key. Supported formats are "PEM", "DER" and "ENG". | Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_PASSWORD |
The password to use for the TLS authentication method specified with the
CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_TYPE option. Requires that the
CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_USERNAME option to also be set.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_TYPE |
The method of the TLS authentication used for the HTTPS connection.
Supported method is "SRP".
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_USERNAME |
The username to use for the HTTPS proxy TLS authentication method specified with the
CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_TYPE option. Requires that the
CURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_PASSWORD option to also be set.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.52.0. |
CURLOPT_PROXYUSERPWD |
A username and password formatted as
"[username]:[password]" to use for the
connection to the proxy.
|
|
CURLOPT_RANDOM_FILE |
A filename to be used to seed the random number generator for SSL. | |
CURLOPT_RANGE |
Range(s) of data to retrieve in the format
"X-Y" where X or Y are optional. HTTP transfers
also support several intervals, separated with commas in the format
"X-Y,N-M".
|
|
CURLOPT_REFERER |
The contents of the "Referer: " header to be used
in a HTTP request.
|
|
CURLOPT_SASL_AUTHZID |
The authorization identity (authzid) for the transfer. Only applicable to the PLAIN SASL authentication mechanism where it is optional. When not specified, only the authentication identity (authcid) as specified by the username will be sent to the server, along with the password. The server will derive the authzid from the authcid when not provided, which it will then use internally. | |
CURLOPT_SERVICE_NAME |
The authentication service name. | Added in cURL 7.43.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_SSH_HOST_PUBLIC_KEY_MD5 |
A string containing 32 hexadecimal digits. The string should be the MD5 checksum of the remote host's public key, and libcurl will reject the connection to the host unless the md5sums match. This option is only for SCP and SFTP transfers. | Added in cURL 7.17.1. |
CURLOPT_SSH_HOST_PUBLIC_KEY_SHA256 |
Base64-encoded SHA256 hash of the remote host's public key. The transfer will fail if the given hash does not match the hash the remote host provides. | |
CURLOPT_SSH_PUBLIC_KEYFILE |
The file name for your public key. If not used, libcurl defaults to $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa.pub if the HOME environment variable is set, and just "id_dsa.pub" in the current directory if HOME is not set. | Added in cURL 7.16.1. |
CURLOPT_SSH_PRIVATE_KEYFILE |
The file name for your private key. If not used, libcurl defaults to
$HOME/.ssh/id_dsa if the HOME environment variable is set,
and just "id_dsa" in the current directory if HOME is not set.
If the file is password-protected, set the password with
CURLOPT_KEYPASSWD.
|
Added in cURL 7.16.1. |
CURLOPT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST |
A list of ciphers to use for SSL. For example,
RC4-SHA and TLSv1 are valid
cipher lists.
|
|
CURLOPT_SSL_EC_CURVES |
A colon delimited list of elliptic curve algorithms. For example,
X25519:P-521 is a valid list of two elliptic curves.
This option defines the client's key exchange algorithms in the SSL handshake,
if the SSL backend cURL is built to use supports it.
|
|
CURLOPT_SSLCERT |
The name of a file containing a PEM formatted certificate. | |
CURLOPT_SSLCERTPASSWD |
The password required to use the
CURLOPT_SSLCERT certificate.
|
|
CURLOPT_SSLCERTTYPE |
The format of the certificate. Supported formats are
"PEM" (default), "DER",
and "ENG".
As of OpenSSL 0.9.3, "P12" (for PKCS#12-encoded files)
is also supported.
|
Added in cURL 7.9.3. |
CURLOPT_SSLENGINE |
The identifier for the crypto engine of the private SSL key
specified in CURLOPT_SSLKEY.
|
|
CURLOPT_SSLENGINE_DEFAULT |
The identifier for the crypto engine used for asymmetric crypto operations. | |
CURLOPT_SSLKEY |
The name of a file containing a private SSL key. | |
CURLOPT_SSLKEYPASSWD |
The secret password needed to use the private SSL key specified in
|
|
CURLOPT_SSLKEYTYPE |
The key type of the private SSL key specified in
CURLOPT_SSLKEY. Supported key types are
"PEM" (default), "DER",
and "ENG".
|
|
CURLOPT_TLS13_CIPHERS |
The list of cipher suites to use for the TLS 1.3 connection. The list must be
syntactically correct, it consists of one or more cipher suite strings separated by colons.
This option is currently used only when curl is built to use OpenSSL 1.1.1 or later.
If you are using a different SSL backend you can try setting
TLS 1.3 cipher suites by using the CURLOPT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST option.
|
Available since PHP 7.3.0 and libcurl >= cURL 7.61.0. Available when built with OpenSSL >= 1.1.1. |
CURLOPT_UNIX_SOCKET_PATH |
Enables the use of Unix domain sockets as connection endpoint and sets the path to the given string. | Added in cURL 7.40.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_URL |
The URL to fetch. This can also be set when initializing a session with curl_init(). | |
CURLOPT_USERAGENT |
The contents of the "User-Agent: " header to be
used in a HTTP request.
|
|
CURLOPT_USERNAME |
The user name to use in authentication. | Added in cURL 7.19.1. |
CURLOPT_PASSWORD |
The password to use in authentication. | Added in cURL 7.19.1. |
CURLOPT_USERPWD |
A username and password formatted as
"[username]:[password]" to use for the
connection.
|
|
CURLOPT_XOAUTH2_BEARER |
Specifies the OAuth 2.0 access token. | Added in cURL 7.33.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
value should be an array for the
following values of the option parameter:
| Option | Set value to |
Notes |
|---|---|---|
CURLOPT_CONNECT_TO |
Connect to a specific host and port instead of the URL's host and port.
Accepts an array of strings with the format
HOST:PORT:CONNECT-TO-HOST:CONNECT-TO-PORT.
|
Added in cURL 7.49.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_HTTP200ALIASES |
An array of HTTP 200 responses that will be treated as valid responses and not as errors. | Added in cURL 7.10.3. |
CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER |
An array of HTTP header fields to set, in the format
array('Content-type: text/plain', 'Content-length: 100')
|
|
CURLOPT_POSTQUOTE |
An array of FTP commands to execute on the server after the FTP request has been performed. | |
CURLOPT_PROXYHEADER |
An array of custom HTTP headers to pass to proxies. | Added in cURL 7.37.0. Available since PHP 7.0.7. |
CURLOPT_QUOTE |
An array of FTP commands to execute on the server prior to the FTP request. | |
CURLOPT_RESOLVE |
Provide a custom address for a specific host and port pair. An array
of hostname, port, and IP address strings, each element separated by
a colon. In the format:
array("example.com:80:127.0.0.1")
|
Added in cURL 7.21.3. |
value should be a stream resource (using
fopen(), for example) for the following values of the
option parameter:
| Option | Set value to |
|---|---|
CURLOPT_FILE |
The file that the transfer should be written to. The default
is STDOUT (the browser window).
|
CURLOPT_INFILE |
The file that the transfer should be read from when uploading. |
CURLOPT_STDERR |
An alternative location to output errors to instead of
STDERR.
|
CURLOPT_WRITEHEADER |
The file that the header part of the transfer is written to. |
value should be the name of a valid function or a Closure
for the following values of the option parameter:
| Option | Set value to |
Notes |
|---|---|---|
CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION |
A callback accepting two parameters. The first is the cURL resource, the second is a string with the header data to be written. The header data must be written by this callback. Return the number of bytes written. | |
CURLOPT_PASSWDFUNCTION |
A callback accepting three parameters. The first is the cURL resource, the second is a string containing a password prompt, and the third is the maximum password length. Return the string containing the password. | Removed as of PHP 7.3.0. |
CURLOPT_PROGRESSFUNCTION |
A callback accepting five parameters. The first is the cURL resource, the second is the total number of bytes expected to be downloaded in this transfer, the third is the number of bytes downloaded so far, the fourth is the total number of bytes expected to be uploaded in this transfer, and the fifth is the number of bytes uploaded so far.
Return a non-zero value to abort the transfer. In which case, the
transfer will set a |
|
CURLOPT_READFUNCTION |
A callback accepting three parameters.
The first is the cURL resource, the second is a
stream resource provided to cURL through the option
CURLOPT_INFILE, and the third is the maximum
amount of data to be read. The callback must return a string
with a length equal or smaller than the amount of data requested,
typically by reading it from the passed stream resource. It should
return an empty string to signal EOF.
|
|
CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION |
A callback accepting two parameters. The first is the cURL resource, and the second is a string with the data to be written. The data must be saved by this callback. It must return the exact number of bytes written or the transfer will be aborted with an error. | |
CURLOPT_XFERINFOFUNCTION |
A callback accepting two parameters.
Has a similar purpose as CURLOPT_PROGRESSFUNCTION but is more modern
and the preferred option from cURL.
|
Added in 7.32.0. Available as of PHP 8.2.0. |
Other values:
| Option | Set value to |
|---|---|
CURLOPT_SHARE |
A result of curl_share_init(). Makes the cURL handle to use the data from the shared handle. |
Приклад #1 Initializing a new cURL session and fetching a web page
<?php
// create a new cURL resource
$ch = curl_init();
// set URL and other appropriate options
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, "http://www.example.com/");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, false);
// grab URL and pass it to the browser
curl_exec($ch);
// close cURL resource, and free up system resources
curl_close($ch);
?>Зауваження:
Passing an array to
CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSwill encode the data as multipart/form-data, while passing a URL-encoded string will encode the data as application/x-www-form-urlencoded.
Please everyone, stop setting CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER to false or 0. If your PHP installation doesn't have an up-to-date CA root certificate bundle, download the one at the curl website and save it on your server:
http://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html
Then set a path to it in your php.ini file, e.g. on Windows:
curl.cainfo=c:\php\cacert.pem
Turning off CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER allows man in the middle (MITM) attacks, which you don't want!It is important that anyone working with cURL and PHP keep in mind that not all of the CURLOPT and CURLINFO constants are documented. I always recommend reading the cURL documentation directly as it sometimes contains better information. The cURL API in tends to be fubar as well so do not expect things to be where you would normally logically look for them.
curl is especially difficult to work with when it comes to cookies. So I will talk about what I found with PHP 5.6 and curl 7.26.
If you want to manage cookies in memory without using files including reading, writing and clearing custom cookies then continue reading.
To start with, the way to enable in memory only cookies associated with a cURL handle you should use:
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, "");
cURL likes to use magic strings in options as special commands. Rather than having an option to enable the cookie engine in memory it uses a magic string to do that. Although vaguely the documentation here mentions this however most people like me wouldn't even read that because a COOKIEFILE is the complete opposite of what we want.
To get the cookies for a curl handle you can use:
curl_getinfo($curl, CURLINFO_COOKIELIST);
This will give an array containing a string for each cookie. It is tab delimited and unfortunately you will have to parse it yourself if you want to do anything beyond copying the cookies.
To clear the in memory cookies for a cURL handle you can use:
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_COOKIELIST, "ALL");
This is a magic string. There are others in the cURL documentation. If a magic string isn't used, this field should take a cookie in the same string format as in getinfo for the cookielist constant. This can be used to delete individual cookies although it's not the most elegant API for doing so.
For copying cookies I recommend using curl_share_init.
You can also copy cookies from one handle to another like so:
foreach(curl_getinfo($curl_a, CURLINFO_COOKIELIST) as $cookie_line)
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_COOKIELIST, $cookie_line);
An inelegant way to delete a cookie would be to skip the one you don't want.
I only recommend using COOKIELIST with magic strings because the cookie format is not secure or stable. You can inject tabs into at least path and name so it becomes impossible to parse reliably. If you must parse this then to keep it secure I recommend prohibiting more than 6 tabs in the content which probably isn't a big loss to most people.
A the absolute minimum for validation I would suggest:
/^([^\t]+\t){5}[^\t]+$/D
Here is the format:
#define SEP "\t" /* Tab separates the fields */
char *my_cookie =
"example.com" /* Hostname */
SEP "FALSE" /* Include subdomains */
SEP "/" /* Path */
SEP "FALSE" /* Secure */
SEP "0" /* Expiry in epoch time format. 0 == Session */
SEP "foo" /* Name */
SEP "bar"; /* Value */In case you wonder how come, that cookies don't work under Windows, I've googled for some answers, and here is the result: Under WIN you need to input absolute path of the cookie file.
This piece of code solves it:
<?php
if ($cookies != '')
{
if (substr(PHP_OS, 0, 3) == 'WIN')
{$cookies = str_replace('\\','/', getcwd().'/'.$cookies);}
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, $cookies);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, $cookies);
}
?>If you want cURL to timeout in less than one second, you can use CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS, although there is a bug/"feature" on "Unix-like systems" that causes libcurl to timeout immediately if the value is < 1000 ms with the error "cURL Error (28): Timeout was reached". The explanation for this behavior is:
"If libcurl is built to use the standard system name resolver, that portion of the transfer will still use full-second resolution for timeouts with a minimum timeout allowed of one second."
What this means to PHP developers is "You can use this function without testing it first, because you can't tell if libcurl is using the standard system name resolver (but you can be pretty sure it is)"
The problem is that on (Li|U)nix, when libcurl uses the standard name resolver, a SIGALRM is raised during name resolution which libcurl thinks is the timeout alarm.
The solution is to disable signals using CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL. Here's an example script that requests itself causing a 10-second delay so you can test timeouts:
<?php
if (!isset($_GET['foo'])) {
// Client
$ch = curl_init('http://localhost/test/test_timeout.php?foo=bar');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS, 200);
$data = curl_exec($ch);
$curl_errno = curl_errno($ch);
$curl_error = curl_error($ch);
curl_close($ch);
if ($curl_errno > 0) {
echo "cURL Error ($curl_errno): $curl_error\n";
} else {
echo "Data received: $data\n";
}
} else {
// Server
sleep(10);
echo "Done.";
}
?>As the "example #2 Uploading file" says it is deprecated as of PHP 5.5.0 but doesn't tell you how it's done right,
here is a really easy example using the CURLFile class:
<?php
$request = [
'firstName' => 'John',
'lastName' => 'Doe',
'file' => new CURLFile('example.txt', 'text/plain') // or use curl_file_create()
];
$curlOptions = [
CURLOPT_URL => 'http://example.com/upload.php',
CURLOPT_POST => true,
CURLOPT_HEADER => false,
CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => true,
CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS => $request,
];
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt_array($ch, $curlOptions);
$response = curl_exec($ch);
?>
This is just like posting a html form with an input[type=file] field.
The result on windows could look like this:
<?php
// $_POST
Array
(
[firstName] => John
[lastName] => Doe
)
// $_FILES
Array
(
[file] => Array
(
[name] => example.txt
[type] => text/plain
[tmp_name] => C:\wamp64\tmp\php3016.tmp
[error] => 0
[size] => 14
)
)
?>
Since the request is an array (and not a string), curl will automatically encode the data as "multipart/form-data".
Please be aware that if you pass an invalid file path to CURLFile, setting the CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS option will fail.
So if you are using curl_setopt_array for setting the options at once, according to the manual, "If an option could not be successfully set, FALSE is immediately returned, ignoring any future options in the options array.".
So you should make sure that the file exists or set CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS with curl_setopt() and check if it returns false and act accordingly.Clarification on the callback methods:
- CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION is for handling header lines received *in the response*,
- CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION is for handling data received *from the response*,
- CURLOPT_READFUNCTION is for handling data passed along *in the request*.
The callback "string" can be any callable function, that includes the array(&$obj, 'someMethodName') format.
-PhilippeSome additional notes for curlopt_writefunction. I struggled with this at first because it really isn't documented very well.
When you write a callback function and use it with curlopt_writefunction it will be called MULTIPLE times. Your function MUST return the ammount of data written to it each time. It is very picky about this. Here is a snippet from my code that may help you
<?php
curl_setopt($this->curl_handle, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, array($this, "receiveResponse"));
// later on in the class I wrote my receive Response method
private function receiveResponse($curlHandle,$xmldata)
{
$this->responseString = $xmldata;
$this->responseXML .= $this->responseString;
$this->length = strlen($xmldata);
$this->size += $this->length;
return $this->length;
}
?>
Now I did this for a class. If you aren't doing OOP then you will obviously need to modify this for your own use.
CURL calls your script MULTIPLE times because the data will not always be sent all at once. Were talking internet here so its broken up into packets. You need to take your data and concatenate it all together until it is all written. I was about to pull my damn hair out because I would get broken chunks of XML back from the server and at random lengths. I finally figured out what was going on. Hope this helpsWhat is not mentioned in the documentation is that if you want to set a local-port or local-port-range to establish a connection is possible by adding CURLOPT_LOCALPORT and CURLOPT_LOCALPORTRANGE options.
Ex:
$conn=curl_init ('example.com');
curl_setopt($conn, CURLOPT_LOCALPORT, 35000);
curl_setopt($conn, CURLOPT_LOCALPORTRANGE, 200);
CURLOPT_LOCALPORT: This sets the local port number of the socket used for the connection.
CURLOPT_LOCALPORTRANGE: The range argument is the number of attempts libcurl will make to find a working local port number. It starts with the given CURLOPT_LOCALPORT and adds one to the number for each retry. Setting this option to 1 or below will make libcurl do only one try for the exact port number.
Interface can be also configured using CURLOPT_INTERFACE:
Ex:
curl_setopt($conn, CURLOPT_INTERFACE, "eth1");If you are doing a POST, and the content length is 1,025 or greater, then curl exploits a feature of http 1.1: 100 (Continue) Status.
See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec8.html#sec8.2.3
* it adds a header, "Expect: 100-continue".
* it then sends the request head, waits for a 100 response code, then sends the content
Not all web servers support this though. Various errors are returned depending on the server. If this happens to you, suppress the "Expect" header with this command:
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array('Expect:'));
?>
See http://www.gnegg.ch/2007/02/the-return-of-except-100-continue/The description of the use of the CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS option should be emphasize, that using POST with HTTP/1.1 with cURL implies the use of a "Expect: 100-continue" header. Some web servers will not understand the handling of chunked transfer of post data.
To disable this behavior one must disable the use of the "Expect:" header with
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER,array("Expect:"));PUT requests are very simple, just make sure to specify a content-length header and set post fields as a string.
Example:
<?php
function doPut($url, $fields)
{
$fields = (is_array($fields)) ? http_build_query($fields) : $fields;
if($ch = curl_init($url))
{
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, 'PUT');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array('Content-Length: ' . strlen($fields)));
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $fields);
curl_exec($ch);
$status = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
curl_close($ch);
return (int) $status;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
if(doPut('http://example.com/api/a/b/c', array('foo' => 'bar')) == 200)
// do something
else
// do something else.
?>
You can grab the request data on the other side with:
<?php
if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'PUT')
{
parse_str(file_get_contents('php://input'), $requestData);
// Array ( [foo] => bar )
print_r($requestData);
// Do something with data...
}
?>
DELETE can be done in exactly the same way.Seems like some options not mentioned on this page, but listed on http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_easy_setopt.html is actually supported.
I was happy to see that I could actually use CURLOPT_FTP_CREATE_MISSING_DIRS even from PHP.If you want to Curl to follow redirects and you would also like Curl to echo back any cookies that are set in the process, use this:
<?php curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, '-'); ?>
'-' means stdout
-dwAbout the CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER option, it took me some time to figure out how to format the so-called 'Array'. It fact, it is a list of strings. If Curl was already defining a header item, yours will replace it. Here is an example to change the Content Type in a POST:
<?php curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, Array("Content-Type: text/xml")); ?>
YannIf you're getting trouble with cookie handling in curl:
- curl manages tranparently cookies in a single curl session
- the option
<?php curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, "/tmp/cookieFileName"); ?>
makes curl to store the cookies in a file at the and of the curl session
- the option
<?php curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, "/tmp/cookieFileName"); ?>
makes curl to use the given file as source for the cookies to send to the server.
so to handle correctly cookies between different curl session, the you have to do something like this:
<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, COOKIE_FILE_PATH);
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, COOKIE_FILE_PATH);
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
$result = curl_exec ($ch);
curl_close($ch);
return $result;
?>
in particular this is NECESSARY if you are using PEAR_SOAP libraries to build a webservice client over https and the remote server need to establish a session cookie. in fact each soap message is sent using a different curl session!!
I hope this can help someone
LucaI've found that setting CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER more than once will clear out any headers you've set previously with CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER.
Consider the following:
<?php
# ...
curl_setopt($cURL,CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER,array (
"Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8",
"Expect: 100-continue"
));
# ... do some other stuff ...
curl_setopt($cURL,CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER,array (
"Accept: application/json"
));
# ...
?>
Both the Content-Type and Expect I set will not be in the outgoing headers, but Accept will.Please notice that CURLINFO_HEADER_OUT and CURLOPT_VERBOSE option does not work together:
"When CURLINFO_HEADER_OUT is set to TRUE than CURLOPT_VERBOSE does not work."(from https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=65348).
This took me an hour or two to figure it out.Many hosters use PHP safe_mode or/and open_basedir, so you can't use CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION. If you try, you see message like this:
CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION cannot be activated when safe_mode is enabled or an open_basedir is set in [you script name & path] on line XXX
First, I try to use zsalab function (http://us2.php.net/manual/en/function.curl-setopt.php#102121) from this page, but for some reason it did not work properly. So, I wrote my own.
It can be use instead of curl_exec. If server HTTP response codes is 30x, function will forward the request as long as the response is not different from 30x (for example, 200 Ok). Also you can use POST.
function curlExec(/* Array */$curlOptions='', /* Array */$curlHeaders='', /* Array */$postFields='')
{
$newUrl = '';
$maxRedirection = 10;
do
{
if ($maxRedirection<1) die('Error: reached the limit of redirections');
$ch = curl_init();
if (!empty($curlOptions)) curl_setopt_array($ch, $curlOptions);
if (!empty($curlHeaders)) curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $curlHeaders);
if (!empty($postFields))
{
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postFields);
}
if (!empty($newUrl)) curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $newUrl); // redirect needed
$curlResult = curl_exec($ch);
$code = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
if ($code == 301 || $code == 302 || $code == 303 || $code == 307)
{
preg_match('/Location:(.*?)\n/', $curlResult, $matches);
$newUrl = trim(array_pop($matches));
curl_close($ch);
$maxRedirection--;
continue;
}
else // no more redirection
{
$code = 0;
curl_close($ch);
}
}
while($code);
return $curlResult;
}It appears that setting CURLOPT_FILE before setting CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER doesn't work, presumably because CURLOPT_FILE depends on CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER being set.
So do this:
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FILE, $fp);
?>
not this:
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FILE, $fp);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
?>After much struggling, I managed to get a SOAP request requiring HTTP authentication to work. Here's some source that will hopefully be useful to others.
<?php
$credentials = "username:password";
// Read the XML to send to the Web Service
$request_file = "./SampleRequest.xml";
$fh = fopen($request_file, 'r');
$xml_data = fread($fh, filesize($request_file));
fclose($fh);
$url = "http://www.example.com/services/calculation";
$page = "/services/calculation";
$headers = array(
"POST ".$page." HTTP/1.0",
"Content-type: text/xml;charset=\"utf-8\"",
"Accept: text/xml",
"Cache-Control: no-cache",
"Pragma: no-cache",
"SOAPAction: \"run\"",
"Content-length: ".strlen($xml_data),
"Authorization: Basic " . base64_encode($credentials)
);
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL,$url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 60);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $defined_vars['HTTP_USER_AGENT']);
// Apply the XML to our curl call
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $xml_data);
$data = curl_exec($ch);
if (curl_errno($ch)) {
print "Error: " . curl_error($ch);
} else {
// Show me the result
var_dump($data);
curl_close($ch);
}
?>Please note that if you want to handle progress using CURLOPT_PROGRESSFUNCTION option, you need to take into consideration what version of PHP are you using. Since version 5.5.0, compatibility-breaking change was introduced in number/order of the arguments passed to the callback function, and cURL resource is now passed as first argument.
Prior to version 5.5.0:
<?php
// ...
curl_setopt($resource, CURLOPT_PROGRESSFUNCTION, 'progressCallback');
curl_setopt($resource, CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, false);
// ...
function progressCallback($download_size = 0, $downloaded = 0, $upload_size = 0, $uploaded = 0)
{
// Handle progress
}
?>
From version 5.5.0:
<?php
// ...
curl_setopt($resource, CURLOPT_PROGRESSFUNCTION, 'progressCallback');
curl_setopt($resource, CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, false);
// ...
function progressCallback($resource, $download_size = 0, $downloaded = 0, $upload_size = 0, $uploaded = 0)
{
// Handle progress
}
?>
However, if your code needs to be compatible with PHP version both before and after 5.5.0, consider adding a version check:
<?php
// ...
curl_setopt($resource, CURLOPT_PROGRESSFUNCTION, 'progressCallback');
curl_setopt($resource, CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS, false);
// ...
function progressCallback($resource, $download_size = 0, $downloaded = 0, $upload_size = 0, $uploaded = 0)
{
/**
* $resource parameter was added in version 5.5.0 breaking backwards compatibility;
* if we are using PHP version lower than 5.5.0, we need to shift the arguments
* @see http://php.net/manual/en/function.curl-setopt.php#refsect1-function.curl-setopt-changelog
*/
if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '5.5.0') < 0) {
$uploaded = $upload_size;
$upload_size = $downloaded;
$downloaded = $download_size;
$download_size = $resource;
}
// Handle progress
}
?>There is really a problem of transmitting $_POST data with curl in php 4+ at least.
I improved the encoding function by Alejandro Moreno to work properly with mulltidimensional arrays.
<?php
function data_encode($data, $keyprefix = "", $keypostfix = "") {
assert( is_array($data) );
$vars=null;
foreach($data as $key=>$value) {
if(is_array($value)) $vars .= data_encode($value, $keyprefix.$key.$keypostfix.urlencode("["), urlencode("]"));
else $vars .= $keyprefix.$key.$keypostfix."=".urlencode($value)."&";
}
return $vars;
}
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, substr(data_encode($_POST), 0, -1) );
?>Note that CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER when used with CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION has effectively three settings: default, true, and false.
default - callbacks will be called as expected.
true - content will be returned but callback function will not be called.
false - content will be output and callback function will not be called.
Note that CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION callbacks are always called.I've created an example that gets the file on url passed to script and outputs it to the browser.
<?php
//get the file (e.g. image) and output it to the browser
$ch = curl_init(); //open curl handle
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $_GET['url']); //set an url
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1); //do not output directly, use variable
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_BINARYTRANSFER, 1); //do a binary transfer
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1); //stop if an error occurred
$file=curl_exec($ch); //store the content in variable
if(!curl_errno($ch))
{
//send out headers and output
header ("Content-type: ".curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_CONTENT_TYPE)."");
header ("Content-Length: ".curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_CONTENT_LENGTH_DOWNLOAD)."");
echo $file;
} else echo 'Curl error: ' . curl_error($ch);
curl_close($ch); //close curl handle
?>
p.s. Make sure that there're no new lines before and after code or script may not work.Note that if you put a certificate chain in a PEM file, the certificates need to be ordered so that each certificate is followed by its issuer (i.e., root last.)
Source: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/tividd/td/ITIM/SC32-1493-00/en_US/HTML/im451_config09.htmIf you wish to find the size of the file you are streaming and use it as your header this is how:
<?php
function write_function($curl_resource, $string)
{
if(curl_getinfo($curl_resource, CURLINFO_SIZE_DOWNLOAD) <= 2000)
{
header('Expires: 0');
header('Cache-Control: must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0');
header('Pragma: public');
header('Content-Description: File Transfer');
header("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary");
header("Content-Type: ".curl_getinfo($curl_resource, CURLINFO_CONTENT_TYPE)."");
header("Content-Length: ".curl_getinfo($curl_resource, CURLINFO_CONTENT_LENGTH_DOWNLOAD)."");
}
print $string;
return mb_strlen($string, '8bit');
}
?>
1440 is the the default number of bytes curl will call the write function (BUFFERSIZE does not affect this, i actually think you can not change this value), so it means the headers are going to be set only one time.
write_function must return the exact number of bytes of the string, so you can return a value with mb_strlen.To further expand upon use of CURLOPT_CAPATH and CURLOPT_CAINFO...
In my case I wanted to prevent curl from talking to any HTTPS server except my own using a self signed certificate. To do this, you'll need openssl installed and access to the HTTPS Server Certificate (server.crt by default on apache)
You can then use a command simiar to this to translate your apache certificate into one that curl likes.
$ openssl x509 -in server.crt -out outcert.pem -text
Then set CURLOPT_CAINFO equal to the the full path to outcert.pem and turn on CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER.
If you want to use the CURLOPT_CAPATH option, you should create a directory for all the valid certificates you have created, then use the c_rehash script that is included with openssl to "prepare" the directory.
If you dont use the c_rehash utility, curl will ignore any file in the directory you set.Passing in PHP's $_SESSION into your cURL call:
<?php
session_start();
$strCookie = 'PHPSESSID=' . $_COOKIE['PHPSESSID'] . '; path=/';
session_write_close();
$curl_handle = curl_init('enter_external_url_here');
curl_setopt( $curl_handle, CURLOPT_COOKIE, $strCookie );
curl_exec($curl_handle);
curl_close($curl_handle);
?>
This worked great for me. I was calling pages from the same server and needed to keep the $_SESSION variables. This passes them over. If you want to test, just print_r($_SESSION);
Enjoy!If you only want to enable cookie handling and you don't need to save the cookies for a separate session, just set CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE to an empty string. I was given the advice to use php://memory but that did not seem to have the same effect.
Although this is stated in the documentation I thought it was worth reiterating since it cause me so much trouble.<?php
/*
* Author: Ojas Ojasvi
* Released: September 25, 2007
* Description: An example of the disguise_curl() function in order to grab contents from a website while remaining fully camouflaged by using a fake user agent and fake headers.
*/
$url = 'http://www.php.net';
// disguises the curl using fake headers and a fake user agent.
function disguise_curl($url)
{
$curl = curl_init();
// Setup headers - I used the same headers from Firefox version 2.0.0.6
// below was split up because php.net said the line was too long. :/
$header[0] = "Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,";
$header[0] .= "text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5";
$header[] = "Cache-Control: max-age=0";
$header[] = "Connection: keep-alive";
$header[] = "Keep-Alive: 300";
$header[] = "Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7";
$header[] = "Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5";
$header[] = "Pragma: "; // browsers keep this blank.
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, 'Googlebot/2.1 (+http://www.google.com/bot.html)');
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $header);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_REFERER, 'http://www.google.com');
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_ENCODING, 'gzip,deflate');
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 10);
$html = curl_exec($curl); // execute the curl command
curl_close($curl); // close the connection
return $html; // and finally, return $html
}
// uses the function and displays the text off the website
$text = disguise_curl($url);
echo $text;
?>
Ojas OjasviIf you use cURL to fetch user-supplied URLs (for instance, in a web-based RSS aggregator), be aware of the risk of server-side request forgery (SSRF). This is an attack where the user takes advantage of the fact that cURL requests are sent from the web server itself, to reach network locations they wouldn't be able to reach from outside the network.
For instance, they could enter a "http://localhost" URL, and access things on the web server via "localhost". Or, "ftp://localhost". cURL supports a lot of protocols!
If you are using CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, the malicious URL could be in a redirect from the original request. cURL also will follow redirect headers to other protocols! (303 See Other; Location: ftp://localhost).
So if you're using cURL with user-supplied URLs, at the very least use CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS (which also sets CURLOPT_REDIR_PROTOCOLS), and either disable CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION or use the "SafeCurl" library to safely follow redirects.Sometimes you can't use CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR and CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE becoz of the server php-settings(They say u may grab any files from server using these options). Here is the solution
1)Don't use CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION
2)Use curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 1)
3)Grab from the header cookies like this:
preg_match_all('|Set-Cookie: (.*);|U', $content, $results);
$cookies = implode(';', $results[1]);
4)Set them using curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIE, $cookies);
Good Luck, YevgenWhen CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION and CURLOPT_HEADER are both true and redirect/s have happened then the header returned by curl_exec() will contain all the headers in the redirect chain in the order they were encountered.When you get this error using a PUT request: "SSL read: error:00000000:lib(0):func(0):reason(0), errno 104")
It could be caused by:
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_PUT, TRUE);
?>
Instead try:
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "PUT");
?>When using CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS with an array as parameter, you have to pay high attention to user input. Unvalidated user input will lead to serious security issues.
<?php
/**
* test.php:
*/
$ch = curl_init('http://example.com');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, array(
'foo' => $_GET['bar']
));
curl_exec($ch);
?>
Requesting "test.php?bar=@/home/user/test.png" will send "test.png" to example.com.
Make sure you remove the leading "@" from user input.If you have turned on conditional gets on a curl handle, and then for a subsequent request, you don't have a good setting for CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE , you can disable If-Modified-Since checking with:
<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $foo);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE, filemtime($foo_path));
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION, CURLOPT_TIMECOND_IFMODIFIEDSINCE);
curl_exec($ch);
// Reuse same curl handle
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $bar);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE, null); // don't know mtime
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION, 0); // set it to 0, turns it off
curl_exec($ch);
?>This is howto upload an existing file to an FTP server with cURL in PHP.
You should remember that CURLOPT_URL should contain the file's basename to save on the FTP server. For example, if you upload hello.txt to ftp://www.wuxiancheng.cn/text/, CURLOPT_URL should be ftp://www.wuxiancheng.cn/text/hello.txt rather than ftp://www.wuxiancheng.cn/text/, otherwise you will get an error message like "Uploading to a URL without a file name! " when you call curl_error();
<?php
$ch = curl_init();
$filepath = 'D:\Web\www\wuxiancheng.cn\hello.txt';
$basename = pathInfo($filepath, PATHINFO_BASENAME);
$filesize = fileSize($filepath);
curl_setopt_array(
$ch,
array(
CURLOPT_URL => 'ftp://www.wuxiancheng.cn/text/' . $basename,
CURLOPT_USERPWD => 'USERNAME:PASSWORD',
CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS => CURLPROTO_FTP,
CURLOPT_UPLOAD => true,
CURLOPT_INFILE => $filepath,
CURLOPT_INFILESIZE => $filesize,
CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => true,
CURLOPT_HEADER => false,
)
);
curl_exec($ch);
$message = curl_errno($ch) === CURLE_OK ? 'success' : 'failure';
echo $message;
?>Hello.
During problems with "CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION cannot be activated when in safe_mode or an open_basedir is set"
I was looking for solution.
I've found few methods on this page, but none of them was good enough, so I made one.
<?php
function curl_redirect_exec($ch, &$redirects, $curlopt_header = false) {
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
$data = curl_exec($ch);
$http_code = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
if ($http_code == 301 || $http_code == 302) {
list($header) = explode("\r\n\r\n", $data, 2);
$matches = array();
preg_match('/(Location:|URI:)(.*?)\n/', $header, $matches);
$url = trim(array_pop($matches));
$url_parsed = parse_url($url);
if (isset($url_parsed)) {
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
$redirects++;
return curl_redirect_exec($ch, $redirects);
}
}
if ($curlopt_header)
return $data;
else {
list(,$body) = explode("\r\n\r\n", $data, 2);
return $body;
}
}
?>
Main issue in existing functions was lack of information, how many redirects was done.
This one will count it.
First parameter as usual.
Second should be already initialized integer, it will be incremented by number of done redirects.
You can set CURLOPT_HEADER if You need it.I spent a couple of days trying to POST a multi-dimensional array of form fields, including a file upload, to a remote server to update a product. Here are the breakthroughs that FINALLY allowed the script to run as desired.
Firstly, the HTML form used input names like these:
<input type="text" name="product[name]" />
<input type="text" name="product[cost]" />
<input type="file" name="product[thumbnail]" />
in conjunction with two other form inputs not part of the product array
<input type="text" name="method" value="put" />
<input type="text" name="mode" />
I used several cURL options, but the only two (other than URL) that mattered were:
curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postfields);
Pretty standard so far.
Note: headers didn't need to be set, cURL automatically sets headers (like content-type: multipart/form-data; content-length...) when you pass an array into CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS.
Note: even though this is supposed to be a PUT command through an HTTP POST form, no special PUT options needed to be passed natively through cURL. Options such as
curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array('X-HTTP-Method-Override: PUT', 'Content-Length: ' . strlen($fields)));
or
curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_PUT, true);
or
curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "PUT);
were not needed to make the code work.
The fields I wanted to pass through cURL were arranged into an array something like this:
$postfields = array("method" => $_POST["method"],
"mode" => $_POST["mode"],
"product" => array("name" => $_POST["product"],
"cost" => $_POST["product"]["cost"],
"thumbnail" => "@{$_FILES["thumbnail"]["tmp_name"]};type={$_FILES["thumbnail"]["type"]}")
);
-Notice how the @ precedes the temporary filename, this creates a link so PHP will upload/transfer an actual file instead of just the file name, which would happen if the @ isn't included.
-Notice how I forcefully set the mime-type of the file to upload. I was having issues where images filetypes were defaulting to octet-stream instead of image/png or image/jpeg or whatever the type of the selected image.
I then tried passing $postfields straight into curl_setopt($this->handle, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postfields); but it didn't work.
I tried using http_build_query($postfields); but that didn't work properly either.
In both cases either the file wouldn't be treated as an actual file and the form data wasn't being sent properly. The problem was HTTP's methods of transmitting arrays. While PHP and other languages can figure out how to handle arrays passed via forms, HTTP isn't quite as sofisticated. I had to rewrite the $postfields array like so:
$postfields = array("method" => $_POST["method"],
"mode" => $_POST["mode"],
"product[name]" => $_POST["product"],
"product[cost]" => $_POST["product"]["cost"],
"product[thumbnail]" => "@{$_FILES["thumbnail"]["tmp_name"]}");
curl_setopt($handle, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postfields);
This, without the use of http_build_query, solved all of my problems. Now the receiving host outputs both $_POST and $_FILES vars correctly.Handling redirections with curl if safe_mode or open_basedir is enabled. The function working transparent, no problem with header and returntransfer options. You can handle the max redirection with the optional second argument (the function is set the variable to zero if max redirection exceeded).
Second parameter values:
- maxredirect is null or not set: redirect maximum five time, after raise PHP warning
- maxredirect is greather then zero: no raiser error, but parameter variable set to zero
- maxredirect is less or equal zero: no follow redirections
<?php
function curl_exec_follow(/*resource*/ $ch, /*int*/ &$maxredirect = null) {
$mr = $maxredirect === null ? 5 : intval($maxredirect);
if (ini_get('open_basedir') == '' && ini_get('safe_mode' == 'Off')) {
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, $mr > 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS, $mr);
} else {
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, false);
if ($mr > 0) {
$newurl = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_EFFECTIVE_URL);
$rch = curl_copy_handle($ch);
curl_setopt($rch, CURLOPT_HEADER, true);
curl_setopt($rch, CURLOPT_NOBODY, true);
curl_setopt($rch, CURLOPT_FORBID_REUSE, false);
curl_setopt($rch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
do {
curl_setopt($rch, CURLOPT_URL, $newurl);
$header = curl_exec($rch);
if (curl_errno($rch)) {
$code = 0;
} else {
$code = curl_getinfo($rch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
if ($code == 301 || $code == 302) {
preg_match('/Location:(.*?)\n/', $header, $matches);
$newurl = trim(array_pop($matches));
} else {
$code = 0;
}
}
} while ($code && --$mr);
curl_close($rch);
if (!$mr) {
if ($maxredirect === null) {
trigger_error('Too many redirects. When following redirects, libcurl hit the maximum amount.', E_USER_WARNING);
} else {
$maxredirect = 0;
}
return false;
}
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $newurl);
}
}
return curl_exec($ch);
}
?>CURLOPT_POST must be left unset if you want the Content-Type header set to "multipart/form-data" (e.g., when CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS is an array). If you set CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS to an array and have CURLOPT_POST set to TRUE, Content-Length will be -1 and most sane servers will reject the request. If you set CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS to an array and have CURLOPT_POST set to FALSE, cURL will send a GET request.if you would like to send xml request to a server (lets say, making a soap proxy),
you have to set
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, Array("Content-Type: text/xml"));
?>
makesure you watch for cache issue:
the below code will prevent cache...
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FORBID_REUSE, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FRESH_CONNECT, 1);
?>
hope it helps ;)To find what encoding a given HTTP POST request uses is easy -- passing an array to CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS results in multipart/form-data:
<?php
curl_setopt(CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, array('field1' => 'value'));
?>
Passing a URL-encoded string will result in application/x-www-form-urlencoded:
<?php
curl_setopt(CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, array('field1=value&field2=value2'));
?>
I ran across this when integrating with both a warehouse system and an email system; neither would accept multipart/form-data, but both happily accepted application/x-www-form-urlencoded.In order to reset CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, set it to array(). The cURL C API says you should set it to NULL, but that doesn’t work in the PHP wrapper.Whats not mentioned in the documentation is that you have to set CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR to a file for the CURL handle to actually use cookies, if it is not set then cookies will not be parsed.Contrary to the documentation, CURLOPT_STDERR should be set to a handle to the file you want to write to, not the file's location.If you specify a CAINFO, note that the file must be in PEM format! (If not, it won't work).
Using Openssl you can use:
openssl x509 -in <cert> -inform d -outform PEM -out cert.pem
To create a pem formatted certificate from a binary certificate (the one you get if you download the ca somewhere).If you are trying to use CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION and you get this warning:
Warning: curl_setopt() [function.curl-setopt]: CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION cannot be activated when in safe_mode or an open_basedir is set...
then you will want to read http://www.php.net/ChangeLog-4.php which says "Disabled CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION in curl when open_basedir or safe_mode are enabled." as of PHP 4.4.4/5.1.5. This is due to the fact that curl is not part of PHP and doesn't know the values of open_basedir or safe_mode, so you could comprimise your webserver operating in safe_mode by redirecting (using header('Location: ...')) to "file://" urls, which curl would have gladly retrieved.
Until the curl extension is changed in PHP or curl (if it ever will) to deal with "Location:" headers, here is a far from perfect remake of the curl_exec function that I am using.
Since there's no curl_getopt function equivalent, you'll have to tweak the function to make it work for your specific use. As it is here, it returns the body of the response and not the header. It also doesn't deal with redirection urls with username and passwords in them.
<?php
function curl_redir_exec($ch)
{
static $curl_loops = 0;
static $curl_max_loops = 20;
if ($curl_loops++ >= $curl_max_loops)
{
$curl_loops = 0;
return FALSE;
}
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
$data = curl_exec($ch);
list($header, $data) = explode("\n\n", $data, 2);
$http_code = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
if ($http_code == 301 || $http_code == 302)
{
$matches = array();
preg_match('/Location:(.*?)\n/', $header, $matches);
$url = @parse_url(trim(array_pop($matches)));
if (!$url)
{
//couldn't process the url to redirect to
$curl_loops = 0;
return $data;
}
$last_url = parse_url(curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_EFFECTIVE_URL));
if (!$url['scheme'])
$url['scheme'] = $last_url['scheme'];
if (!$url['host'])
$url['host'] = $last_url['host'];
if (!$url['path'])
$url['path'] = $last_url['path'];
$new_url = $url['scheme'] . '://' . $url['host'] . $url['path'] . ($url['query']?'?'.$url['query']:'');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $new_url);
debug('Redirecting to', $new_url);
return curl_redir_exec($ch);
} else {
$curl_loops=0;
return $data;
}
}
?>This may be not obvious, but if you specify the CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS and don't specify the CURLOPT_POST - it will still send POST, not GET (as you might think - since GET is default).
So the line:
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);
is synonym to:
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);
Even if you set the options like this (in this order):
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);
it will send POST, since CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS is latter.
So if you want GET - make sure you don't have CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS specified somewhere.Problems can occur if you mix CURLOPT_URL with a 'Host:' header in CURLOPT_HEADERS on redirects because cURL will combine the host you explicitly stated in the 'Host:' header with the host from the Location: header of the redirect response.
In short, don't do this:
<?php
$host = "www.example.com";
$url = "http://$host/";
$headers = array("Host: $host");
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers);
Do this instead:
$host = "www.example.com";
$url = "http://$host/";
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
?>Note that if you want to use a proxy and use it as a _cache_, you'll have to do:
<?php curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array("Pragma: ")); ?>
else by default Curl puts a "Pragma: no-cache" header in and thus force cache misses for all requests.In the long documentation, it's easy to miss the fact that CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS will set the Content-Type to "multipart/form-data" (instead of the usual "application/x-www-form-urlencoded") IFF you supply an array (instead of a query string)!
Some servers will return weird errors (like "SSL read: error:00000000:lib(0):func(0):reason(0), errno 104") for the wrong Content-Type, and you may waste many hours of time trying to figure out why!In PHP5, for the "CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS" option, we can use:
<?php
$ch = curl_init($URI);
$Post = http_build_query($PostData);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $Post);
$Output = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
?>If you are trying to update something on your server and you need to handle this update operation by PUT;
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "PUT");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_PUT, 1);
?>
are "useless" without;
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array('X-HTTP-Method-Override: PUT'));
?>
Example;
Updating a book data in database identified by "id 1";
--cURL Part--
<?php
$data = http_build_query($_POST);
// or
$data = http_build_query(array(
'name' => 'PHP in Action',
'price' => 10.9
));
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, "http://api.localhost/rest/books/1");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
// curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "PUT"); // no need anymore
// or
// curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_PUT, 1); // no need anymore
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array('X-HTTP-Method-Override: PUT'));
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);
$ce = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
print_r($ce);
?>
--API class--
<?php
public function putAction() {
echo "putAction() -> id: ". $this->_getParam('id') ."\n";
print_r($_POST);
// do stuff with post data
...
?>
--Output--
putAction() -> id: 15
Array
(
[name] => PHP in Action
[price] => 10.9
)
---Keywords--
rest, restfull api, restfull put, curl put, curl customrequest putFYI... unless you specifically set the user agent, no user agent will be sent in your request as there is no default value like some of the other options.
As others have said, not sending a user agent may cause you to not get the results that you expected, e.g., 0 byte length content, different content, etc.I noticed that if you want to get current cookie file after curl_exec() - you need to close current curl handle (like it said in manual), but if you want cookies to be dumped to file after any curl_exec (without curl_close) you can:
<?php
#call it normally
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, "cookiefile");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, "cookiefile");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'http://www.example.com/');
$result1 = curl_exec($ch);
#and then make a temp copy
$ch_temp=curl_copy_handle(ch);
curl_close($ch);
$ch=$ch_temp;
?>
Only this way, if you close $ch_temp - cookies wont be dumped.CURLOPT_POST should be set before CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS. Otherwise you might encounter 411 Length required error.
Following code generates "411 Length Required" on nginx/1.1.15
<?php
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postfields);
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
?>
But this one works.
<?php
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postfields);
?>If you want to connect to a server which requires that you identify yourself with a certificate, use following code. Your certificate and servers certificate are signed by an authority whose certificate is in ca.ctr.
<?php
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, '1');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, '2');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, '1');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CAINFO, getcwd().'/cert/ca.crt');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSLCERT, getcwd().'/cert/mycert.pem');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSLCERTPASSWD, 'password');
?>
If your original certificate is in .pfx format, you have to convert it to .pem using following commands
# openssl pkcs12 -in mycert.pfx -out mycert.key
# openssl rsa -in mycert.key -out mycert.pem
# openssl x509 -in mycert.key >> mycert.pemIf you have a mixture of strings starting with @ (at character) and files in CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS you have a problem (such as posting a tweet with attached media) because curl tries to interpret anything starting with @ as a file.
<?php
$postfields = array(
'upload_file' => '@file_to_upload.png',
'upload_text' => '@text_to_upload'
);
$curl = curl_init();
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL, 'http://example.com/upload-test');
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postfields);
curl_exec($curl);
curl_close($curl);
?>
To get around this, prepend the text string with the NULL character like so:
<?php
$postfields = array(
'upload_file' => '@file_to_upload.png',
'upload_text' => sprintf("\0%s", '@text_to_upload')
);
?>
Original source: http://bit.ly/AntMleWhen you are using CURLOPT_FILE to download directly into a file you must close the file handler after the curl_close() otherwise the file will be incomplete and you will not be able to use it until the end of the execution of the php process.
<?php
$fh = fopen('/tmp/foo', 'w');
$ch = curl_init('http://example.com/foo');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FILE, $fh);
curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
# at this point your file is not complete and corrupted
fclose($fh);
# now you can use your file;
read_file('/tmp/foo');
?>If you need to send deta in a DELETE request, use:
<?php
$request_body = 'some data';
$ch = curl_init('http://www.example.com');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $request_body);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "DELETE");
$response = curl_exec($ch);
var_dump($response);
?>if you want to do a GET request with additional body data it will become tricky not to implicitly change the request to a POST, like many notes below correctly state.
So to do the analogy of command line's
curl -XGET 'http://example.org?foo=bar' -d '<baz>some additional data</baz>'
in PHP you'll do, besides your other necessary stuff,
<?php
curl_setopt($curlHandle, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, 'GET');
curl_setopt($curlHandle, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, '<baz>some additional data</baz>');
?>
during my experiments, every other "similar" way, like e.g. CURLOPT_HTTPGET, didn't send the additional data or fell into POST.Set order when using CURLOPT_POST and CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS *matters*.
Setting CURL_POST to true will ERASE any previous CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS using an array. Result is request be a POST with empty body.
CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS will set CURLOPT_POST to true for you, no need for repeat.
If you really need to set both, then either:
- set CURLOPT_POST *before* CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS
- or don't use array and convert CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS to URL-encoded string, it will not be affected this way (ie. <?php curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, http_build_query($yourArray)); ?> )If you want cURL to successfully write cookies to a file specified with CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, ensure that cURL has the necessary permissions to modify the file if it already exists.
I spent nearly a day trying to understand why cURL wasn't saving cookies to an existing file, even though I could easily modify the exact same file using file_put_contents(). Moreover, cURL itself could create the same file and save cookies, but only if it didn't previously exist.
Ultimately, the issue was related to file ownership. I was working within WSL2, inside a symlinked Windows directory. The [automount]"metadata" in wsl.conf was not set, causing every file created from PHP to have the default owner, which differed from the user running PHP.
Once I configured wsl.conf and then changed the ownership of the entire directory to match the user running PHP, cookies were successfully written to any file without any issues.