变量作用域

变量的作用域是定义该变量的上下文。PHP 有函数作用域和全局作用域。在函数之外定义的任何变量都仅限于全局作用域。当包含文件时,该文件中的代码继承了包含语句所在行的变量作用域。

示例 #1 全局变量作用域示例

<?php
$a
= 1;
include
'b.inc'; // 变量 $a 将在 b.inc 内可用
?>

在命名函数或匿名函数内创建的任何变量都仅限于函数主体的作用域。然而,箭头函数会绑定父级作用域中的变量,使其在函数体内可用。如果在函数内部 include 文件,那么包含文件中的变量将如同在调用函数内部定义一样可用。

示例 #2 局部变量作用域的示例

<?php
$a
= 1; // 全局作用域

function test()
{
echo
$a; // $a 变量 $a 未定义,因为它引用了 $a 的局部版本
}
?>

下面的示例会生成未定义变量 E_WARNING(PHP 8.0.0 之前是 E_NOTICE)诊断提示。这是因为 echo 语句引用了局部版本的变量 $a,而且在这个作用域内,它并没有被赋值。注意这与 C 语言有一点点不同,因为 C 中的全局变量会自动提供给函数,除非被局部定义特别覆盖。这可能引起一些问题,有些人可能不小心就改变了一个全局变量。PHP 中全局变量在函数中使用时必须声明为 global。

global 关键字

global 关键字用于将变量从全局作用域绑定到局部作用域。该关键字可以与变量列表或单个变量一起使用。将创建引用同名全局变量的局部变量。如果全局变量不存在,则将在全局作用域内创建该变量并赋值为 null

示例 #3 使用 global

<?php
$a
= 1;
$b = 2;

function
Sum()
{
global
$a, $b;

$b = $a + $b;
}

Sum();
echo
$b;
?>

以上示例会输出:

3

在函数中声明了全局变量 $a$b 之后,对任一变量的所有引用都会指向其全局版本。对于一个函数能够声明的全局变量的最大个数,PHP 没有限制。

在全局作用域内访问变量的第二个办法,是用特殊的 PHP 自定义 $GLOBALS 数组。前面的例子可以写成:

示例 #4 使用 $GLOBALS 替代 global

<?php
$a
= 1;
$b = 2;

function
Sum()
{
$GLOBALS['b'] = $GLOBALS['a'] + $GLOBALS['b'];
}

Sum();
echo
$b;
?>

$GLOBALS 是一个关联数组,每一个变量为一个元素,键名对应变量名,值对应变量的内容。$GLOBALS 之所以在全局作用域内存在,是因为 $GLOBALS 是一个超全局变量。以下范例显示了超全局变量的用处:

示例 #5 演示超全局变量和作用域的例子

<?php
function test_superglobal()
{
echo
$_POST['name'];
}
?>

注意: 在函数外部使用 global 关键字不是错误。如果文件是从函数内部 include 的,则可以使用它。

使用 static 变量

变量作用域的另一个重要特性是 static 变量。静态变量仅在局部函数作用域中存在,但当程序执行离开此作用域时,其值并不丢失。看看下面的例子:

示例 #6 演示需要静态变量的例子

<?php
function Test()
{
$a = 0;
echo
$a;
$a++;
}
?>

本函数没什么用处,因为每次调用时都会将 $a 的值设为 0 并输出 0。将变量加一的 $a++ 没有作用,因为一旦退出本函数则变量 $a 就不存在了。要写一个不会丢失本次计数值的计数函数,要将变量 $a 定义为静态的:

示例 #7 使用静态变量的例子

<?php
function test()
{
static
$a = 0;
echo
$a;
$a++;
}
?>

现在,变量 $a 仅在第一次调用 test() 函数时被初始化,之后每次调用 test() 函数都会输出 $a 的值并加一。

静态变量也提供了一种处理递归函数的方法。以下这个简单的函数递归计数到 10,使用静态变量 $count 来判断何时停止:

示例 #8 静态变量与递归函数

<?php
function test()
{
static
$count = 0;

$count++;
echo
$count;
if (
$count < 10) {
test();
}
$count--;
}
?>

在 PHP 8.3.0 之前,静态变量只能使用常量表达式进行初始化。自 PHP 8.3.0 起,还允许使用动态表达式(例如函数调用):

示例 #9 声明静态变量

<?php
function foo(){
static
$int = 0; // 正确
static $int = 1+2; // 正确
static $int = sqrt(121); // 自 PHP 8.3.0 起正确

$int++;
echo
$int;
}
?>

从 PHP 8.1.0 开始,当继承(不是覆盖)使用有静态变量的方法时,继承的方法将会跟父级方法共享静态变量。这意味着方法中的静态变量现在跟静态属性有相同的行为。

自 PHP 8.3.0 起,可以使用任意表达式初始化静态变量。这意味着也说,像是方法调用可用于初始化静态变量。

示例 #10 在继承方法中使用静态变量

<?php
class Foo {
public static function
counter() {
static
$counter = 0;
$counter++;
return
$counter;
}
}
class
Bar extends Foo {}
var_dump(Foo::counter()); // int(1)
var_dump(Foo::counter()); // int(2)
var_dump(Bar::counter()); // int(3),PHP 8.1.0 之前 int(1)
var_dump(Bar::counter()); // int(4),PHP 8.1.0 之前 int(2)
?>

globalstatic 变量的引用

对于变量的 staticglobal 定义是以引用的方式实现的。例如,在一个函数作用域内部用 global 语句导入的一个真正的全局变量实际上是建立了一个到全局变量的引用。这有可能导致预料之外的行为,如以下例子所演示的:

<?php
function test_global_ref() {
global
$obj;
$new = new stdClass;
$obj = &$new;
}

function
test_global_noref() {
global
$obj;
$new = new stdClass;
$obj = $new;
}

test_global_ref();
var_dump($obj);
test_global_noref();
var_dump($obj);
?>

以上示例会输出:

NULL
object(stdClass)#1 (0) {
}

类似的行为也适用于 static 语句。引用并不是静态地存储的:

<?php
function &get_instance_ref() {
static
$obj;

echo
'Static object: ';
var_dump($obj);
if (!isset(
$obj)) {
$new = new stdClass;
// 将一个引用赋值给静态变量
$obj = &$new;
}
if (!isset(
$obj->property)) {
$obj->property = 1;
} else {
$obj->property++;
}
return
$obj;
}

function &
get_instance_noref() {
static
$obj;

echo
'Static object: ';
var_dump($obj);
if (!isset(
$obj)) {
$new = new stdClass;
// 将一个对象赋值给静态变量
$obj = $new;
}
if (!isset(
$obj->property)) {
$obj->property = 1;
} else {
$obj->property++;
}
return
$obj;
}

$obj1 = get_instance_ref();
$still_obj1 = get_instance_ref();
echo
"\n";
$obj2 = get_instance_noref();
$still_obj2 = get_instance_noref();
?>

以上示例会输出:

Static object: NULL
Static object: NULL

Static object: NULL
Static object: object(stdClass)#3 (1) {
  ["property"]=>
  int(1)
}

此示例说明,当把引用赋值给静态变量时,第二次调用 &get_instance_ref() 函数时不会记住该引用。

添加备注

用户贡献的备注 5 notes

up
227
dodothedreamer at gmail dot com
13 years ago
Note that unlike Java and C++, variables declared inside blocks such as loops or if's, will also be recognized and accessible outside of the block, so:
<?php
for($j=0; $j<3; $j++)
{
if(
$j == 1)
$a = 4;
}
echo
$a;
?>

Would print 4.
up
179
warhog at warhog dot net
18 years ago
Some interesting behavior (tested with PHP5), using the static-scope-keyword inside of class-methods.

<?php

class sample_class
{
public function
func_having_static_var($x = NULL)
{
static
$var = 0;
if (
$x === NULL)
{ return
$var; }
$var = $x;
}
}

$a = new sample_class();
$b = new sample_class();

echo
$a->func_having_static_var()."\n";
echo
$b->func_having_static_var()."\n";
// this will output (as expected):
// 0
// 0

$a->func_having_static_var(3);

echo
$a->func_having_static_var()."\n";
echo
$b->func_having_static_var()."\n";
// this will output:
// 3
// 3
// maybe you expected:
// 3
// 0

?>

One could expect "3 0" to be outputted, as you might think that $a->func_having_static_var(3); only alters the value of the static $var of the function "in" $a - but as the name says, these are class-methods. Having an object is just a collection of properties, the functions remain at the class. So if you declare a variable as static inside a function, it's static for the whole class and all of its instances, not for each object.

Maybe it's senseless to post that.. cause if you want to have the behaviour that I expected, you can simply use a variable of the object itself:

<?php
class sample_class
{ protected $var = 0;
function
func($x = NULL)
{
$this->var = $x; }
}
?>

I believe that all normal-thinking people would never even try to make this work with the static-keyword, for those who try (like me), this note maybe helpfull.
up
34
andrew at planetubh dot com
15 years ago
Took me longer than I expected to figure this out, and thought others might find it useful.

I created a function (safeinclude), which I use to include files; it does processing before the file is actually included (determine full path, check it exists, etc).

Problem: Because the include was occurring inside the function, all of the variables inside the included file were inheriting the variable scope of the function; since the included files may or may not require global variables that are declared else where, it creates a problem.

Most places (including here) seem to address this issue by something such as:
<?php
//declare this before include
global $myVar;
//or declare this inside the include file
$nowglobal = $GLOBALS['myVar'];
?>

But, to make this work in this situation (where a standard PHP file is included within a function, being called from another PHP script; where it is important to have access to whatever global variables there may be)... it is not practical to employ the above method for EVERY variable in every PHP file being included by 'safeinclude', nor is it practical to staticly name every possible variable in the "global $this" approach. (namely because the code is modulized, and 'safeinclude' is meant to be generic)

My solution: Thus, to make all my global variables available to the files included with my safeinclude function, I had to add the following code to my safeinclude function (before variables are used or file is included)

<?php
foreach ($GLOBALS as $key => $val) { global $$key; }
?>

Thus, complete code looks something like the following (very basic model):

<?php
function safeinclude($filename)
{
//This line takes all the global variables, and sets their scope within the function:
foreach ($GLOBALS as $key => $val) { global $$key; }
/* Pre-Processing here: validate filename input, determine full path
of file, check that file exists, etc. This is obviously not
necessary, but steps I found useful. */
if ($exists==true) { include("$file"); }
return
$exists;
}
?>

In the above, 'exists' & 'file' are determined in the pre-processing. File is the full server path to the file, and exists is set to true if the file exists. This basic model can be expanded of course. In my own, I added additional optional parameters so that I can call safeinclude to see if a file exists without actually including it (to take advantage of my path/etc preprocessing, verses just calling the file exists function).

Pretty simple approach that I could not find anywhere online; only other approach I could find was using PHP's eval().
up
10
gried at NOSPAM dot nsys dot by
8 years ago
In fact all variables represent pointers that hold address of memory area with data that was assigned to this variable. When you assign some variable value by reference you in fact write address of source variable to recepient variable. Same happens when you declare some variable as global in function, it receives same address as global variable outside of function. If you consider forementioned explanation it's obvious that mixing usage of same variable declared with keyword global and via superglobal array at the same time is very bad idea. In some cases they can point to different memory areas, giving you headache. Consider code below:

<?php

error_reporting
(E_ALL);

$GLOB = 0;

function
test_references() {
global
$GLOB; // get reference to global variable using keyword global, at this point local variable $GLOB points to same address as global variable $GLOB
$test = 1; // declare some local var
$GLOBALS['GLOB'] = &$test; // make global variable reference to this local variable using superglobal array, at this point global variable $GLOB points to new memory address, same as local variable $test

$GLOB = 2; // set new value to global variable via earlier set local representation, write to old address

echo "Value of global variable (via local representation set by keyword global): $GLOB <hr>";
// check global variable via local representation => 2 (OK, got value that was just written to it, cause old address was used to get value)

echo "Value of global variable (via superglobal array GLOBALS): $GLOBALS[GLOB] <hr>";
// check global variable using superglobal array => 1 (got value of local variable $test, new address was used)

echo "Value ol local variable \$test: $test <hr>";
// check local variable that was linked with global using superglobal array => 1 (its value was not affected)

global $GLOB; // update reference to global variable using keyword global, at this point we update address that held in local variable $GLOB and it gets same address as local variable $test
echo "Value of global variable (via updated local representation set by keyword global): $GLOB <hr>";
// check global variable via local representation => 1 (also value of local variable $test, new address was used)
}

test_references();
echo
"Value of global variable outside of function: $GLOB <hr>";
// check global variable outside function => 1 (equal to value of local variable $test from function, global variable also points to new address)
?>
up
20
larax at o2 dot pl
18 years ago
About more complex situation using global variables..

Let's say we have two files:
a.php
<?php
function a() {
include(
"b.php");
}
a();
?>

b.php
<?php
$b
= "something";
function
b() {
global
$b;
$b = "something new";
}
b();
echo
$b;
?>

You could expect that this script will return "something new" but no, it will return "something". To make it working properly, you must add global keyword in $b definition, in above example it will be:

global $b;
$b = "something";
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